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"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-valid-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute name is valid"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Table of Contents\">\n Table of Contents\n <\/button>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute name is valid"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-valid-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute name is valid"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-valid-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute name is valid"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a class=\"ha-logo not-mobile\" href=\"https:\/\/httparchive.org\/\" aria-labelledby=\"ha-logo-footer\">",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-valid-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute name is valid"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/HTTPArchive\" aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-footer\">",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-valid-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute name is valid"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"https:\/\/bsky.app\/profile\/httparchive.org\" aria-labelledby=\"bluesky-logo-footer\">",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
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}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/HTTPArchive\/almanac.httparchive.org\" rel=\"me\" aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-footer\">",
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}
]
},
{
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"any": [
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}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn search-button\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n Search\n <\/button>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
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"id": "button-has-visible-text",
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"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Element has inner text that is visible to screen readers"
},
{
"id": "aria-label",
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"relatedNodes": [],
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}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
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"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
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"relatedNodes": [],
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},
{
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}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
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"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
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"message": "Element has inner text that is visible to screen readers"
},
{
"id": "aria-label",
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"relatedNodes": [],
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}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
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"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Element has inner text that is visible to screen readers"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn search-button\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n Search\n <\/button>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
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"id": "button-has-visible-text",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Element has inner text that is visible to screen readers"
},
{
"id": "aria-label",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
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"message": "aria-label attribute exists and is not empty"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Table of Contents\">\n Table of Contents\n <\/button>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "button-has-visible-text",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Element has inner text that is visible to screen readers"
},
{
"id": "aria-label",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "aria-label attribute exists and is not empty"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "button-has-visible-text",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Element has inner text that is visible to screen readers"
},
{
"id": "aria-label",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "aria-label attribute exists and is not empty"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>",
"target": [
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]
}
]
},
{
"id": "bypass",
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"wcag2a",
"wcag241",
"section508",
"section508.22.o"
],
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"help": "Page must have means to bypass repeated blocks",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/bypass?application=axeAPI",
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{
"any": [
{
"id": "internal-link-present",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Valid skip link found"
},
{
"id": "header-present",
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"relatedNodes": [
{
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]
},
{
"html": "<h2>HTTP Archive\u2019s annual<br> <b>state of the web<\/b> report<\/h2>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"html": "<h2 class=\"title title-center\">Featured Chapter<\/h2>",
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]
},
{
"html": "<h3>HTTP<\/h3>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"html": "<h2 class=\"title title-alt\">Contributors<\/h2>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"html": "<h2 class=\"title title-center\">Methodology<\/h2>",
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}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Page has a heading"
},
{
"id": "landmark",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<main id=\"maincontent\">",
"target": [
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]
}
],
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"message": "Page has a landmark region"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<html lang=\"en\">",
"target": [
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]
}
]
},
{
"id": "color-contrast",
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"tags": [
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],
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"nodes": [
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"any": [
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"id": "color-contrast",
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"contrastRatio": 12.47,
"fontSize": "12.8pt (17px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of 12.47"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<p lang=\"en\">\n You\u2019re viewing a previous edition of the Web Almanac.\n Check out the <a href=\"\/en\/2024\/\">2024 edition!<\/a>\n<\/p>",
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
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"bgColor": "#f7f779",
"contrastRatio": 12.47,
"fontSize": "12.8pt (17px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of 12.47"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"\/en\/2024\/\">2024 edition!<\/a>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of ${data.contrastRatio}"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<select id=\"table-of-contents-switcher-mobile\" data-label=\"toc-menu-mobile\">",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
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"id": "color-contrast",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of ${data.contrastRatio}"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<select id=\"year-switcher-mobile\">",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
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"id": "color-contrast",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of ${data.contrastRatio}"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<select id=\"language-switcher-mobile\">",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
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},
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"impact": "serious",
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}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
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"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
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"fontWeight": "bold",
"expectedContrastRatio": "3:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of 14.13"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<div class=\"no-wrap\">77%<\/div>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
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},
"relatedNodes": [],
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"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of 14.13"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<div>Requests served on HTTP\/2 or above<\/div>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
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},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
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}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<div class=\"no-wrap\">1.5%<\/div>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
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"fontWeight": "normal",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of 14.13"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<div>Websites adopting 103 Early Hints<\/div>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
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"fontWeight": "bold",
"expectedContrastRatio": "3:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of 14.13"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<div class=\"no-wrap\">50%<\/div>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
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"id": "color-contrast",
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"fontWeight": "normal",
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},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of 14.13"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
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"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
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"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of 14.13"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"\/en\/2022\/http\" class=\"btn\">\n Read the <span class=\"featured-chapter-name\">HTTP<\/span> chapter\n <\/a>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
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"data": {
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},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
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}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<span class=\"featured-chapter-name\">HTTP<\/span>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
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"id": "color-contrast",
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},
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}
],
"all": [],
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"impact": null,
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
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},
"relatedNodes": [],
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],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<div>\n Websites Tested\n <\/div>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
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},
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"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of 14.13"
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],
"all": [],
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"impact": null,
"html": "<div>\n 8.36M\n <\/div>",
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},
{
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},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of 14.13"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<div>\n Data Processed\n <\/div>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
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},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of 14.13"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<div>\n 43.88 TB\n <\/div>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
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"fontWeight": "normal",
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},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of 14.13"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<p class=\"methodology-info\">",
"target": [
".methodology-info"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
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"bgColor": "#ffffff",
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"fontWeight": "normal",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [],
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},
{
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},
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},
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},
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{
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],
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],
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"impact": null,
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},
{
"any": [
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},
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"impact": null,
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"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">Contributors<\/a>",
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},
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],
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],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">Methodology<\/a>",
"target": [
"#footer-nav-items > ul > li:nth-child(2) > a[href$=\"methodology\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "has-visible-text",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Element has text that is visible to screen readers"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "focusable-no-name",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element is not in tab order or has accessible text"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a hreflang=\"en\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/HTTPArchive\/almanac.httparchive.org\/blob\/main\/LICENSE\">Apache 2.0<\/a>",
"target": [
"a[hreflang=\"en\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "has-visible-text",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Element has text that is visible to screen readers"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "focusable-no-name",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element is not in tab order or has accessible text"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a class=\"accessibility-statement\" href=\"\/en\/accessibility-statement\">Accessibility Statement<\/a>",
"target": [
".accessibility-statement"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "has-visible-text",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Element has text that is visible to screen readers"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "focusable-no-name",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element is not in tab order or has accessible text"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a class=\"rss-feed\" href=\"\/en\/rss.xml\">RSS Feed<\/a>",
"target": [
".rss-feed"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "has-visible-text",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Element has text that is visible to screen readers"
},
{
"id": "aria-labelledby",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "aria-labelledby attribute exists and references elements that are visible to screen readers"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "focusable-no-name",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element is not in tab order or has accessible text"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a class=\"ha-logo not-mobile\" href=\"https:\/\/httparchive.org\/\" aria-labelledby=\"ha-logo-footer\">",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"ha-logo-footer\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "has-visible-text",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Element has text that is visible to screen readers"
},
{
"id": "aria-labelledby",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "aria-labelledby attribute exists and references elements that are visible to screen readers"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "focusable-no-name",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element is not in tab order or has accessible text"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/HTTPArchive\" aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-footer\">",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-footer\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "has-visible-text",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Element has text that is visible to screen readers"
},
{
"id": "aria-labelledby",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "aria-labelledby attribute exists and references elements that are visible to screen readers"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "focusable-no-name",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element is not in tab order or has accessible text"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"https:\/\/bsky.app\/profile\/httparchive.org\" aria-labelledby=\"bluesky-logo-footer\">",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"bluesky-logo-footer\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "has-visible-text",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Element has text that is visible to screen readers"
},
{
"id": "aria-labelledby",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "aria-labelledby attribute exists and references elements that are visible to screen readers"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "focusable-no-name",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element is not in tab order or has accessible text"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/HTTPArchive\/almanac.httparchive.org\" rel=\"me\" aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-footer\">",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-footer\"]"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "list",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.structure",
"wcag2a",
"wcag131"
],
"description": "Ensures that lists are structured correctly",
"help": "<ul> and <ol> must only directly contain <li>, <script> or <template> elements",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/list?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "only-listitems",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List element only has direct children that are allowed inside <li> elements"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<ul>",
"target": [
"#header-page-navigation > ul"
]
},
{
"any": [],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "only-listitems",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List element only has direct children that are allowed inside <li> elements"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<ul>",
"target": [
"#footer-nav-items > ul"
]
},
{
"any": [],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "only-listitems",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List element only has direct children that are allowed inside <li> elements"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<ul class=\"social-media not-mobile\">",
"target": [
".not-mobile.social-media"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "listitem",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.structure",
"wcag2a",
"wcag131"
],
"description": "Ensures <li> elements are used semantically",
"help": "<li> elements must be contained in a <ul> or <ol>",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/listitem?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">Contributors<\/a><\/li>",
"target": [
"#header-page-navigation > ul > li:nth-child(1)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">Methodology<\/a><\/li>",
"target": [
"#header-page-navigation > ul > li:nth-child(2)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li>",
"target": [
"#header-page-navigation > ul > li:nth-child(3)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li>",
"target": [
"#header-page-navigation > ul > li:nth-child(4)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li>",
"target": [
"#header-page-navigation > ul > li:nth-child(5)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li>",
"target": [
"#header-page-navigation > ul > li:nth-child(6)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">Contributors<\/a><\/li>",
"target": [
"#footer-nav-items > ul > li:nth-child(1)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">Methodology<\/a><\/li>",
"target": [
"#footer-nav-items > ul > li:nth-child(2)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li>",
"target": [
"#footer-nav-items > ul > li:nth-child(3)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li>",
"target": [
"#footer-nav-items > ul > li:nth-child(4)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li>",
"target": [
"#footer-nav-items > ul > li:nth-child(5)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li>",
"target": [
"#footer-nav-items > ul > li:nth-child(6)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li>",
"target": [
".not-mobile.social-media > li:nth-child(1)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li>",
"target": [
".not-mobile.social-media > li:nth-child(2)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li>",
"target": [
".not-mobile.social-media > li:nth-child(3)"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "nested-interactive",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.keyboard",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412"
],
"description": "Ensures interactive controls are not nested as they are not always announced by screen readers or can cause focus problems for assistive technologies",
"help": "Interactive controls must not be nested",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/nested-interactive?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn search-button\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n Search\n <\/button>",
"target": [
".header.search-nav.nav-dropdown > .search-button.nav-dropdown-btn[type=\"button\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Table of Contents\">\n Table of Contents\n <\/button>",
"target": [
".table-of-contents.header.nav-dropdown > .nav-dropdown-btn[aria-label=\"Table of Contents\"][type=\"button\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>",
"target": [
".header.nav-dropdown > .nav-dropdown-btn[aria-label=\"Year Switcher\"][type=\"button\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>",
"target": [
".header.nav-dropdown > .nav-dropdown-btn[aria-label=\"Language Switcher\"][type=\"button\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<hr>",
"target": [
"hr:nth-child(2)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn search-button\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n Search\n <\/button>",
"target": [
".footer.search-nav.nav-dropdown > .search-button.nav-dropdown-btn[type=\"button\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Table of Contents\">\n Table of Contents\n <\/button>",
"target": [
".table-of-contents.footer.nav-dropdown > .nav-dropdown-btn[aria-label=\"Table of Contents\"][type=\"button\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>",
"target": [
".footer.nav-dropdown > .nav-dropdown-btn[aria-label=\"Year Switcher\"][type=\"button\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>",
"target": [
".footer.nav-dropdown > .nav-dropdown-btn[aria-label=\"Language Switcher\"][type=\"button\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"70\" height=\"35\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"ha-logo-footer\">HTTP Archive home<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ha-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"ha-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"70\"][height=\"35\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"twitter-logo-footer\">Twitter<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#twitter-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"20\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"bluesky-logo-footer\">Bluesky<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#bluesky-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"bluesky-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"20\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"22\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"github-logo-footer\">GitHub<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#github-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"22\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "svg-img-alt",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.text-alternatives",
"wcag2a",
"wcag111",
"section508",
"section508.22.a",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensures <svg> elements with an img, graphics-document or graphics-symbol role have an accessible text",
"help": "<svg> elements with an img role must have an alternative text",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/svg-img-alt?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "svg-non-empty-title",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has a child that is a title"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"70\" height=\"35\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"ha-logo-footer\">HTTP Archive home<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ha-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"ha-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"70\"][height=\"35\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "svg-non-empty-title",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has a child that is a title"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"twitter-logo-footer\">Twitter<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#twitter-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"20\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "svg-non-empty-title",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has a child that is a title"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"bluesky-logo-footer\">Bluesky<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#bluesky-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"bluesky-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"20\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "svg-non-empty-title",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has a child that is a title"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"22\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"github-logo-footer\">GitHub<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#github-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"22\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "valid-lang",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.language",
"wcag2aa",
"wcag312"
],
"description": "Ensures lang attributes have valid values",
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"html": "<span class=\"wa\">Web Almanac<\/span>",
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},
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"html": "<span class=\"pre\">By<\/span>",
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"html": "<span class=\"ha\">HTTP Archive<\/span>",
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<\/a>\n <nav id=\"header-page-navigation\" aria-label=\"Page navigation\">\n <ul>\n \n\n<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">Contributors<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">Methodology<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n <li>\n \n \n \n <div class=\"nav-dropdown header search-nav\">\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn search-button\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n Search\n <\/button>\n <ul class=\"nav-dropdown-list align-right hidden header-search\">\n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <form action=\"\/en\/search\">\n <label for=\"header-search-box\" class=\"visually-hidden\">Search<\/label>\n <input id=\"header-search-box\" class=\"search-input\" type=\"search\" name=\"q\" placeholder=\"Search\" title=\"Search\" aria-label=\"Search\">\n <button class=\"search-button\" type=\"submit\">\n <svg width=\"13\" height=\"13\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"header-search-icon\">\n <title id=\"header-search-icon\">Search<\/title>\n <use 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Page Content<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/css\">\n Chapter 1: CSS\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/javascript\">\n Chapter 2: JavaScript\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/markup\">\n Chapter 3: Markup\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/structured-data\">\n Chapter 4: Structured Data\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/fonts\">\n Chapter 5: Fonts\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/media\">\n Chapter 6: Media\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/webassembly\">\n Chapter 7: WebAssembly\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/third-parties\">\n Chapter 8: Third Parties\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/interoperability\">\n Chapter 9: Interoperability\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-2\">Part II. User Experience<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/seo\">\n Chapter 10: SEO\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/accessibility\">\n Chapter 11: Accessibility\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/performance\">\n Chapter 12: Performance\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/privacy\">\n Chapter 13: Privacy\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/security\">\n Chapter 14: Security\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/mobile-web\">\n Chapter 15: Mobile Web\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/capabilities\">\n Chapter 16: Capabilities\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/pwa\">\n Chapter 17: PWA\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-3\">Part III. Content Publishing<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/cms\">\n Chapter 18: CMS\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/jamstack\">\n Chapter 19: Jamstack\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/sustainability\">\n Chapter 20: Sustainability\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-4\">Part IV. 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href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">Methodology<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n <li>\n \n \n <form class=\"search-nav\" action=\"\/en\/search\">\n <label for=\"mobile-search-box\" class=\"visually-hidden\">Search<\/label>\n <input id=\"mobile-search-box\" class=\"search-input\" type=\"search\" name=\"q\" placeholder=\"Search\" title=\"Search\" aria-label=\"Search\">\n <button class=\"search-button\" type=\"submit\">\n <svg width=\"13\" height=\"13\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"mobile-search-icon\">\n <title id=\"mobile-search-icon\">Search<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#search-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/button>\n <\/form>\n \n\n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n\n \n \n\n\n<div class=\"table-of-contents-switcher\">\n <label for=\"table-of-contents-switcher-mobile\" class=\"visually-hidden\">\n Table of Contents Switcher\n <\/label>\n <select id=\"table-of-contents-switcher-mobile\" data-label=\"toc-menu-mobile\">\n \n <option selected=\"\" disabled=\"\" value=\"\/en\/2022\/\">Home<\/option>\n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents\">Table of Contents<\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/css\">\n Chapter 1: CSS\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/javascript\">\n Chapter 2: JavaScript\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/markup\">\n Chapter 3: Markup\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/structured-data\">\n Chapter 4: Structured Data\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/fonts\">\n Chapter 5: Fonts\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/media\">\n Chapter 6: Media\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/webassembly\">\n Chapter 7: WebAssembly\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/third-parties\">\n Chapter 8: Third Parties\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/interoperability\">\n Chapter 9: Interoperability\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/seo\">\n Chapter 10: SEO\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/accessibility\">\n Chapter 11: Accessibility\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/performance\">\n Chapter 12: Performance\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/privacy\">\n Chapter 13: Privacy\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/security\">\n Chapter 14: Security\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/mobile-web\">\n Chapter 15: Mobile Web\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/capabilities\">\n Chapter 16: Capabilities\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/pwa\">\n Chapter 17: PWA\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/cms\">\n Chapter 18: CMS\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/jamstack\">\n Chapter 19: Jamstack\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/sustainability\">\n Chapter 20: Sustainability\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/page-weight\">\n Chapter 21: Page Weight\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/cdn\">\n Chapter 22: CDN\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/http\">\n Chapter 23: HTTP\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">\n Methodology\n <\/option>\n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">\n Contributors\n <\/option>\n \n\n \n <option value=\"\/en\/search\">\n Search\n <\/option>\n \n\n \n <option value=\"https:\/\/cdn.httparchive.org\/almanac\/ebooks\/web_almanac_2022_en.pdf\" data-event=\"ebook-click\">\n Ebook PDF (23MB)\n <\/option>\n \n <\/select>\n<\/div>\n\n \n\n\n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n \n \n \n \n <div 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\u7e41\u9ad4\u4e2d\u6587\n <\/option>\n \n \n <hr>\n <option value=\"https:\/\/github.com\/HTTPArchive\/almanac.httparchive.org\/wiki\/Translators'-Guide\">\n Help translate\n <\/option>\n <\/select>\n <\/div>\n\n \n\n <\/li>\n <li id=\"mobile-misc\" class=\"misc\">\n <ul class=\"misc\">\n <li>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/httparchive.org\/\" aria-labelledby=\"ha-logo-mobile\">\n <svg width=\"70\" height=\"35\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"ha-logo-mobile\">HTTP Archive home<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ha-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/a>\n <\/li>\n <li>\n <ul class=\"social-media\">\n <li>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/HTTPArchive\" aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-mobile\">\n <svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"twitter-logo-mobile\">Twitter<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#twitter-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/a>\n <\/li>\n <li>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/bsky.app\/profile\/httparchive.org\" aria-labelledby=\"bluesky-logo-mobile\">\n <svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"bluesky-logo-mobile\">Bluesky<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#bluesky-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/a>\n <\/li>\n <li>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/HTTPArchive\/almanac.httparchive.org\" aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-mobile\">\n <svg width=\"22\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"github-logo-mobile\">GitHub<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#github-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/a>\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/nav>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/header>\n <script nonce=\"\">\n \/\/ If JS is enabled then enable menus ASAP to avoid CLS as menu items change from links to buttons\n (function() {\n document.querySelectorAll('.js-hide').forEach(element => {\n \/\/ Don't just hide it - delete it completely to avoid any specifity issues\n element.parentNode.removeChild(element);\n });\n document.querySelectorAll('.js-enable').forEach(element => {\n element.classList.remove('js-enable');\n element.classList.remove('hidden');\n element.disabled = false;\n element.hidden = false;\n });\n })();\n <\/script>\n \n\n \n<main id=\"maincontent\">\n <section id=\"intro\" class=\"intro-container\">\n <div class=\"intro\">\n <div class=\"intro-year\">2022<\/div>\n <h1 class=\"title title-lg title-alt\">Web Almanac<\/h1>\n <h2>HTTP Archive\u2019s annual<br> <b>state of the web<\/b> report<\/h2>\n \n \n<p>\nOur mission is to combine the raw stats and trends of the HTTP Archive with the expertise of the web community. The Web Almanac is a comprehensive report on the state of the web, backed by real data and trusted web experts. The 2022 edition is comprised of 23 chapters spanning aspects of page content, user experience, publishing, and distribution.\n<\/p>\n\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents\" class=\"btn\">\n Start exploring\n <\/a>\n \n <\/div>\n <div class=\"intro-image-wrapper\">\n \n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 56 16\">\n <text x=\"9\" y=\"15\">2022<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n \n <img src=\"\/static\/images\/home-hero.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"820\" height=\"562\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n <section id=\"featured-chapter\" class=\"featured-chapter\">\n <div class=\"featured-chapter-content\">\n \n <h2 class=\"title title-center\">Featured Chapter<\/h2>\n \n <h3>HTTP<\/h3>\n \n <blockquote>\n This past year was an eventful year for the HTTP protocol especially with HTTP\/3 being standardized. We continue to observe high HTTP\/2 utilization and see a strong upcoming HTTP\/3 support from web servers.\n <\/blockquote>\n <div class=\"featured-chapter-content-data\">\n \n <div class=\"featured-chapter-content-data-item\">\n <div class=\"no-wrap\">77%<\/div>\n <div>Requests served on HTTP\/2 or above<\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n \n <div class=\"featured-chapter-content-data-item\">\n <div class=\"no-wrap\">1.5%<\/div>\n <div>Websites adopting 103 Early Hints<\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n \n <div class=\"featured-chapter-content-data-item\">\n <div class=\"no-wrap\">50%<\/div>\n <div>Increase in requests that have HTTP\/3 support<\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n <\/div>\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/http\" class=\"btn\">\n Read the <span class=\"featured-chapter-name\">HTTP<\/span> chapter\n <\/a>\n \n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n \n \n \n \n \n <section id=\"contributors\" class=\"contributors-container alt-bg\">\n <div class=\"container\">\n <div class=\"contributors\">\n <h2 class=\"title title-alt\">Contributors<\/h2>\n <p>\nThe Web Almanac has been made possible by the hard work of the web community. 116 people have volunteered countless hours in the planning, research, writing and production phases of the 2022 Web Almanac.\n<\/p>\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\" class=\"alt btn\">\n See the contributors\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"people\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n <div class=\"people-number\">116<\/div>\n <img id=\"character-markup\" class=\"character\" src=\"\/static\/images\/character-markup.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"154\" height=\"252\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <img id=\"character-star\" class=\"character\" src=\"\/static\/images\/character-star.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"245\" height=\"254\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <img id=\"character-hat\" class=\"character\" src=\"\/static\/images\/character-hat.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"186\" height=\"207\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n <section id=\"methodology\" class=\"methodology-container\">\n <div class=\"methodology\">\n <h2 class=\"title title-center\">Methodology<\/h2>\n <div class=\"methodology-data\">\n <div class=\"websites-tested\">\n <div>\n Websites Tested\n <\/div>\n <div>\n 8.36M\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"data-processed\">\n <div>\n Data Processed\n <\/div>\n <div>\n 43.88 TB\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <p class=\"methodology-info\">\n \nUnless otherwise noted, the metrics in all of the 23 chapters of the 2022 Web Almanac are sourced from the HTTP Archive dataset. HTTP Archive is a community-run project that has been tracking how the web is built since 2010. Using WebPageTest and Lighthouse under the hood, metadata about nearly 8.4 million websites are tested monthly and included in a public BigQuery database for analysis. The June 2022 dataset was used as the basis for the 2022 Web Almanac\u2019s metrics. For more information, see the Methodology page.\n\n <\/p>\n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\" class=\"alt btn\">\n Learn about our Methodology\n <\/a>\n \n <img class=\"methodology-characters\" src=\"\/static\/images\/methodology-characters.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"984\" height=\"354\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n \n<\/main>\n\n\n \n <footer id=\"footer\" class=\"alt-bg\">\n <div class=\"container\">\n <div class=\"home-logo\">\n <a class=\"navigation-logo\" href=\"\/en\/2022\/\">\n \n <span class=\"wa\">Web Almanac<\/span>\n <span class=\"line-group\">\n <span class=\"pre\">By<\/span>\n <span class=\"ha\">HTTP Archive<\/span>\n <\/span>\n\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n <hr>\n <nav id=\"footer-nav-items\" aria-label=\"Footer navigation\" class=\"nav-items\">\n <ul>\n \n\n<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">Contributors<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">Methodology<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n <li>\n \n \n \n <div class=\"nav-dropdown footer search-nav\">\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn search-button\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n Search\n <\/button>\n <ul class=\"nav-dropdown-list align-right hidden footer-search\">\n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <form action=\"\/en\/search\">\n <label for=\"footer-search-box\" class=\"visually-hidden\">Search<\/label>\n <input id=\"footer-search-box\" class=\"search-input\" type=\"search\" name=\"q\" placeholder=\"Search\" title=\"Search\" aria-label=\"Search\">\n <button class=\"search-button\" type=\"submit\">\n <svg width=\"13\" height=\"13\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"footer-search-icon\">\n <title id=\"footer-search-icon\">Search<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#search-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/button>\n <\/form>\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n \n\n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n\n \n \n\n\n<div class=\"nav-dropdown footer table-of-contents\">\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Table of Contents\">\n Table of Contents\n <\/button>\n <ul class=\"nav-dropdown-list hidden footer-list\">\n\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part nav-dropdown-list-current\">\n <span>Home<\/span>\n <\/li>\n \n\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents\">Table of Contents<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-1\">Part I. Page Content<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/css\">\n Chapter 1: CSS\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/javascript\">\n Chapter 2: JavaScript\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/markup\">\n Chapter 3: Markup\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/structured-data\">\n Chapter 4: Structured Data\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/fonts\">\n Chapter 5: Fonts\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/media\">\n Chapter 6: Media\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/webassembly\">\n Chapter 7: WebAssembly\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/third-parties\">\n Chapter 8: Third Parties\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/interoperability\">\n Chapter 9: Interoperability\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-2\">Part II. User Experience<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/seo\">\n Chapter 10: SEO\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/accessibility\">\n Chapter 11: Accessibility\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/performance\">\n Chapter 12: Performance\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/privacy\">\n Chapter 13: Privacy\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/security\">\n Chapter 14: Security\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/mobile-web\">\n Chapter 15: Mobile Web\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/capabilities\">\n Chapter 16: Capabilities\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/pwa\">\n Chapter 17: PWA\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-3\">Part III. Content Publishing<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/cms\">\n Chapter 18: CMS\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/jamstack\">\n Chapter 19: Jamstack\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/sustainability\">\n Chapter 20: Sustainability\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-4\">Part IV. Content Distribution<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/page-weight\">\n Chapter 21: Page Weight\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/cdn\">\n Chapter 22: CDN\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/http\">\n Chapter 23: HTTP\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n\n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#appendices\">Appendices<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">Methodology<\/a>\n \n <\/li>\n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">Contributors<\/a>\n \n <\/li>\n \n\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/search\">Search<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#ebook\">Ebook<\/a>\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter ebook\">\n <a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.httparchive.org\/almanac\/ebooks\/web_almanac_2022_en.pdf\" data-event=\"ebook-click\" data-label=\"toc-menu\">Ebook PDF (23MB)<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n \n\n\n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n \n \n \n \n <div class=\"nav-dropdown footer\">\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>\n <ul class=\"nav-dropdown-list hidden footer-list\">\n \n \n \n \n <li>\n <a href=\"\/en\/2024\/\">2024<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <li>\n <a href=\"\/en\/2021\/\">2021<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <li>\n <a href=\"\/en\/2020\/\">2020<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <li>\n <a href=\"\/en\/2019\/\">2019<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n \n \n \n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n \n \n <div class=\"nav-dropdown footer\">\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>\n <ul class=\"nav-dropdown-list hidden footer-list\">\n \n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"es\" href=\"\/es\/2022\/\">Espa\u00f1ol<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"fr\" href=\"\/fr\/2022\/\">Fran\u00e7ais<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"it\" href=\"\/it\/2022\/\">Italiano<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"nl\" href=\"\/nl\/2022\/\">Nederlands<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"pt\" href=\"\/pt\/2022\/\">Portugu\u00eas<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"tr\" href=\"\/tr\/2022\/\">T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"ru\" href=\"\/ru\/2022\/\">\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"uk\" href=\"\/uk\/2022\/\">\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"hi\" href=\"\/hi\/2022\/\">\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0940<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"ja\" href=\"\/ja\/2022\/\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"zh-CN\" href=\"\/zh-CN\/2022\/\">\u7b80\u4f53\u4e2d\u6587<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"zh-TW\" href=\"\/zh-TW\/2022\/\">\u7e41\u9ad4\u4e2d\u6587<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a class=\"help-translate\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/HTTPArchive\/almanac.httparchive.org\/wiki\/Translators'-Guide\"><em>Help translate<\/em><\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n \n\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/nav>\n <nav id=\"mobile-footer-nav-items\" aria-label=\"Footer navigation\" class=\"nav-items\">\n <ul>\n \n\n<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">Contributors<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">Methodology<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n <li>\n \n \n <form class=\"search-nav\" action=\"\/en\/search\">\n <label for=\"mobile-footer-search-box\" class=\"visually-hidden\">Search<\/label>\n <input id=\"mobile-footer-search-box\" class=\"search-input\" type=\"search\" name=\"q\" placeholder=\"Search\" title=\"Search\" aria-label=\"Search\">\n <button class=\"search-button\" type=\"submit\">\n <svg width=\"13\" height=\"13\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"mobile-footer-search-icon\">\n <title id=\"mobile-footer-search-icon\">Search<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#search-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/button>\n <\/form>\n \n\n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n\n \n \n\n\n<div class=\"table-of-contents-switcher\">\n <label for=\"table-of-contents-switcher-mobile-footer\" class=\"visually-hidden\">\n Table of Contents Switcher\n <\/label>\n <select id=\"table-of-contents-switcher-mobile-footer\" data-label=\"toc-menu-mobile\">\n \n <option selected=\"\" disabled=\"\" value=\"\/en\/2022\/\">Home<\/option>\n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents\">Table of Contents<\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/css\">\n Chapter 1: CSS\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/javascript\">\n Chapter 2: JavaScript\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/markup\">\n Chapter 3: Markup\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/structured-data\">\n Chapter 4: Structured Data\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/fonts\">\n Chapter 5: Fonts\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/media\">\n Chapter 6: Media\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/webassembly\">\n Chapter 7: WebAssembly\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/third-parties\">\n Chapter 8: Third Parties\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/interoperability\">\n Chapter 9: Interoperability\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/seo\">\n Chapter 10: SEO\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/accessibility\">\n Chapter 11: Accessibility\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/performance\">\n Chapter 12: Performance\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/privacy\">\n Chapter 13: Privacy\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/security\">\n Chapter 14: Security\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/mobile-web\">\n Chapter 15: Mobile Web\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/capabilities\">\n Chapter 16: Capabilities\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/pwa\">\n Chapter 17: PWA\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/cms\">\n Chapter 18: CMS\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/jamstack\">\n Chapter 19: Jamstack\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/sustainability\">\n Chapter 20: Sustainability\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/page-weight\">\n Chapter 21: Page Weight\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/cdn\">\n Chapter 22: CDN\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/http\">\n Chapter 23: HTTP\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">\n Methodology\n <\/option>\n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">\n Contributors\n <\/option>\n \n\n \n <option value=\"\/en\/search\">\n Search\n <\/option>\n \n\n \n <option value=\"https:\/\/cdn.httparchive.org\/almanac\/ebooks\/web_almanac_2022_en.pdf\" data-event=\"ebook-click\">\n Ebook PDF (23MB)\n <\/option>\n \n <\/select>\n<\/div>\n\n \n\n\n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n \n \n \n \n <div class=\"year-switcher js-show\">\n <label for=\"year-switcher-mobile-footer\" class=\"visually-hidden\">Year Switcher<\/label>\n <select id=\"year-switcher-mobile-footer\">\n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2024\/\">\n 2024\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n <option selected=\"selected\" value=\"\/en\/2022\/\">\n 2022\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2021\/\">\n 2021\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2020\/\">\n 2020\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2019\/\">\n 2019\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <\/select>\n <\/div>\n\n \n \n \n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n \n \n <div class=\"language-switcher js-show\">\n <label for=\"language-switcher-mobile-footer\" class=\"visually-hidden\">Language Switcher<\/label>\n <select id=\"language-switcher-mobile-footer\">\n \n \n <option selected=\"selected\" lang=\"en\" value=\"\/en\/2022\/\">\n English\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"es\" value=\"\/es\/2022\/\">\n Espa\u00f1ol\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"fr\" value=\"\/fr\/2022\/\">\n Fran\u00e7ais\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"it\" value=\"\/it\/2022\/\">\n Italiano\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"nl\" value=\"\/nl\/2022\/\">\n Nederlands\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"pt\" 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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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},
{
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},
{
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"type": "declaration",
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},
{
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"type": "declaration",
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"footer nav:first-of-type",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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]
},
{
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{
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},
{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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]
},
{
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{
"type": "declaration",
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{
"type": "declaration",
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]
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{
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{
"type": "declaration",
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{
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"id": "aria-prohibited-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "ARIA attribute is allowed"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>",
"target": [
".footer.nav-dropdown > .nav-dropdown-btn[aria-label=\"Language Switcher\"][type=\"button\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-allowed-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attributes are used correctly for the defined role"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "aria-unsupported-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute is supported"
},
{
"id": "aria-prohibited-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "ARIA attribute is allowed"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a class=\"ha-logo not-mobile\" href=\"https:\/\/httparchive.org\/\" aria-labelledby=\"ha-logo-footer\">",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"ha-logo-footer\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-allowed-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attributes are used correctly for the defined role"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "aria-unsupported-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute is supported"
},
{
"id": "aria-prohibited-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "ARIA attribute is allowed"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/HTTPArchive\" aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-footer\">",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-footer\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-allowed-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attributes are used correctly for the defined role"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "aria-unsupported-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute is supported"
},
{
"id": "aria-prohibited-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "ARIA attribute is allowed"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"https:\/\/bsky.app\/profile\/httparchive.org\" aria-labelledby=\"bluesky-logo-footer\">",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"bluesky-logo-footer\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-allowed-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attributes are used correctly for the defined role"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "aria-unsupported-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute is supported"
},
{
"id": "aria-prohibited-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "ARIA attribute is allowed"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/HTTPArchive\/almanac.httparchive.org\" rel=\"me\" aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-footer\">",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-footer\"]"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "aria-hidden-body",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.aria",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412"
],
"description": "Ensures aria-hidden='true' is not present on the document body.",
"help": "aria-hidden='true' must not be present on the document body",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/aria-hidden-body?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-hidden-body",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "No aria-hidden attribute is present on document body"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<body class=\"year-2022\">",
"target": [
"body"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "aria-hidden-focus",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.name-role-value",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412",
"wcag131"
],
"description": "Ensures aria-hidden elements do not contain focusable elements",
"help": "ARIA hidden element must not contain focusable elements",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/aria-hidden-focus?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [],
"all": [
{
"id": "focusable-modal-open",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "No focusable elements while a modal is open"
},
{
"id": "focusable-disabled",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "No focusable elements contained within element"
},
{
"id": "focusable-not-tabbable",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "No focusable elements contained within element"
}
],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<div class=\"people\" aria-hidden=\"true\">",
"target": [
".people"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "aria-required-attr",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.aria",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412"
],
"description": "Ensures elements with ARIA roles have all required ARIA attributes",
"help": "Required ARIA attributes must be provided",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/aria-required-attr?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-required-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "All required ARIA attributes are present"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"70\" height=\"35\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"ha-logo-footer\">HTTP Archive home<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ha-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"ha-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"70\"][height=\"35\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-required-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "All required ARIA attributes are present"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"twitter-logo-footer\">Twitter<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#twitter-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"20\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-required-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "All required ARIA attributes are present"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"bluesky-logo-footer\">Bluesky<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#bluesky-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"bluesky-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"20\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-required-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "All required ARIA attributes are present"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"22\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"github-logo-footer\">GitHub<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#github-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"22\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "aria-roles",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.aria",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412"
],
"description": "Ensures all elements with a role attribute use a valid value",
"help": "ARIA roles used must conform to valid values",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/aria-roles?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "fallbackrole",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Only one role value used"
},
{
"id": "invalidrole",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA role is valid"
},
{
"id": "abstractrole",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Abstract roles are not used"
},
{
"id": "unsupportedrole",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA role is supported"
},
{
"id": "deprecatedrole",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "ARIA role is not deprecated"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"70\" height=\"35\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"ha-logo-footer\">HTTP Archive home<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ha-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "fallbackrole",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Only one role value used"
},
{
"id": "invalidrole",
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"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA role is valid"
},
{
"id": "abstractrole",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Abstract roles are not used"
},
{
"id": "unsupportedrole",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
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},
{
"id": "deprecatedrole",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "ARIA role is not deprecated"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"twitter-logo-footer\">Twitter<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#twitter-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [],
"all": [],
"none": [
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"id": "fallbackrole",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Only one role value used"
},
{
"id": "invalidrole",
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"impact": "critical",
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},
{
"id": "abstractrole",
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"impact": "serious",
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},
{
"id": "unsupportedrole",
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"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
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},
{
"id": "deprecatedrole",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "ARIA role is not deprecated"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"bluesky-logo-footer\">Bluesky<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#bluesky-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
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},
{
"any": [],
"all": [],
"none": [
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"id": "fallbackrole",
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},
{
"id": "invalidrole",
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"impact": "critical",
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},
{
"id": "abstractrole",
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"impact": "serious",
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},
{
"id": "unsupportedrole",
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"impact": "critical",
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},
{
"id": "deprecatedrole",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
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}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"22\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"github-logo-footer\">GitHub<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#github-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
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]
}
]
},
{
"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
"impact": null,
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"wcag412"
],
"description": "Ensures all ARIA attributes have valid values",
"help": "ARIA attributes must conform to valid values",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/aria-valid-attr-value?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
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"any": [],
"all": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
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"impact": "critical",
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},
{
"id": "aria-errormessage",
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},
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"id": "aria-level",
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"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "aria-level values are valid"
}
],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<nav id=\"header-page-navigation\" aria-label=\"Page navigation\">",
"target": [
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},
{
"any": [],
"all": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
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"impact": "critical",
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},
{
"id": "aria-errormessage",
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"impact": "critical",
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},
{
"id": "aria-level",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "aria-level values are valid"
}
],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn search-button\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n Search\n <\/button>",
"target": [
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},
{
"any": [],
"all": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
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"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
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},
{
"id": "aria-errormessage",
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"impact": "critical",
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},
{
"id": "aria-level",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "aria-level values are valid"
}
],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Table of Contents\">\n Table of Contents\n <\/button>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [],
"all": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
"data": null,
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"impact": "critical",
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{
"id": "aria-errormessage",
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},
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"id": "aria-level",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "aria-level values are valid"
}
],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [],
"all": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
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},
{
"id": "aria-errormessage",
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"impact": "critical",
"message": "aria-errormessage exists and references elements visible to screen readers that use a supported aria-errormessage technique"
},
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"id": "aria-level",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "aria-level values are valid"
}
],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [],
"all": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
"data": null,
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"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute values are valid"
},
{
"id": "aria-errormessage",
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},
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"id": "aria-level",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "aria-level values are valid"
}
],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<nav id=\"footer-nav-items\" aria-label=\"Footer navigation\" class=\"nav-items\">",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [],
"all": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
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"impact": "critical",
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},
{
"id": "aria-errormessage",
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},
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"id": "aria-level",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
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}
],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn search-button\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n Search\n <\/button>",
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},
{
"any": [],
"all": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
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],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Table of Contents\">\n Table of Contents\n <\/button>",
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},
{
"any": [],
"all": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
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"id": "aria-errormessage",
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],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>",
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},
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"any": [],
"all": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
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"impact": "critical",
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"id": "aria-errormessage",
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"id": "aria-level",
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"impact": "serious",
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}
],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [],
"all": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
"data": null,
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"impact": "critical",
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},
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"id": "aria-errormessage",
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"id": "aria-level",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "aria-level values are valid"
}
],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a class=\"ha-logo not-mobile\" href=\"https:\/\/httparchive.org\/\" aria-labelledby=\"ha-logo-footer\">",
"target": [
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},
{
"any": [],
"all": [
{
"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
"data": null,
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"id": "aria-errormessage",
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"id": "aria-level",
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"impact": "serious",
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],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/HTTPArchive\" aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-footer\">",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [],
"all": [
{
"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
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},
{
"id": "aria-errormessage",
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},
{
"id": "aria-level",
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}
],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
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},
{
"any": [],
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{
"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
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},
{
"id": "aria-errormessage",
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},
{
"id": "aria-level",
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],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/HTTPArchive\/almanac.httparchive.org\" rel=\"me\" aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-footer\">",
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{
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"any": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr",
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],
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"impact": null,
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},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-valid-attr",
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],
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"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn search-button\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n Search\n <\/button>",
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},
{
"any": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr",
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"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Table of Contents\">\n Table of Contents\n <\/button>",
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},
{
"any": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
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}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>",
"target": [
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},
{
"any": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute name is valid"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-valid-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
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}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<nav id=\"footer-nav-items\" aria-label=\"Footer navigation\" class=\"nav-items\">",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-valid-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute name is valid"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn search-button\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n Search\n <\/button>",
"target": [
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},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-valid-attr",
"data": null,
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"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute name is valid"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Table of Contents\">\n Table of Contents\n <\/button>",
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]
},
{
"any": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute name is valid"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute name is valid"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr",
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"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute name is valid"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a class=\"ha-logo not-mobile\" href=\"https:\/\/httparchive.org\/\" aria-labelledby=\"ha-logo-footer\">",
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},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-valid-attr",
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"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute name is valid"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/HTTPArchive\" aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-footer\">",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-footer\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-valid-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
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],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"https:\/\/bsky.app\/profile\/httparchive.org\" aria-labelledby=\"bluesky-logo-footer\">",
"target": [
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},
{
"any": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute name is valid"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/HTTPArchive\/almanac.httparchive.org\" rel=\"me\" aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-footer\">",
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}
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],
"all": [],
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"impact": null,
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"any": [
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"id": "button-has-visible-text",
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"id": "aria-label",
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"any": [
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"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>",
"target": [
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},
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"any": [
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"all": [],
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"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>",
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"impact": "critical",
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"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn search-button\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n Search\n <\/button>",
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"impact": null,
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"any": [
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"id": "aria-label",
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"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>",
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"any": [
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"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>",
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}
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{
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{
"id": "landmark",
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}
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"html": "<html lang=\"en\">",
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}
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"id": "color-contrast",
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"all": [],
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},
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"any": [
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"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
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},
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"any": [
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"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of ${data.contrastRatio}"
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],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<select id=\"table-of-contents-switcher-mobile\" data-label=\"toc-menu-mobile\">",
"target": [
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},
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"any": [
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"impact": "serious",
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],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<select id=\"year-switcher-mobile\">",
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},
{
"any": [
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],
"all": [],
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"impact": null,
"html": "<select id=\"language-switcher-mobile\">",
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},
{
"any": [
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"relatedNodes": [],
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"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents\" class=\"btn\">\n Start exploring\n <\/a>",
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},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
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}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<div class=\"no-wrap\">77%<\/div>",
"target": [
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},
{
"any": [
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},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
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}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<div>Requests served on HTTP\/2 or above<\/div>",
"target": [
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},
{
"any": [
{
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},
"relatedNodes": [],
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],
"all": [],
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"impact": null,
"html": "<div class=\"no-wrap\">1.5%<\/div>",
"target": [
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},
{
"any": [
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"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
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],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<div>Websites adopting 103 Early Hints<\/div>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
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"fontWeight": "bold",
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},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of 14.13"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<div class=\"no-wrap\">50%<\/div>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
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"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
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"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<div>Increase in requests that have HTTP\/3 support<\/div>",
"target": [
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},
{
"any": [
{
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"impact": null,
"html": "<select id=\"year-switcher-mobile-footer\">",
"target": [
"#year-switcher-mobile-footer"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "language-switcher-mobile-footer",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<select id=\"language-switcher-mobile-footer\">",
"target": [
"#language-switcher-mobile-footer"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "httparchive-logo-footer-mobile",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"httparchive-logo-footer-mobile\">HTTP Archive home<\/title>",
"target": [
"#httparchive-logo-footer-mobile"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "twitter-logo-footer-mobile",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"twitter-logo-footer-mobile\">Twitter<\/title>",
"target": [
"#twitter-logo-footer-mobile"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "bluesky-logo-footer-mobile",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"bluesky-logo-footer-mobile\">Bluesky<\/title>",
"target": [
"#bluesky-logo-footer-mobile"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "github-logo-footer-mobile",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"github-logo-footer-mobile\">GitHub<\/title>",
"target": [
"#github-logo-footer-mobile"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "ha-logo-footer",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"ha-logo-footer\">HTTP Archive home<\/title>",
"target": [
"#ha-logo-footer"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "twitter-logo-footer",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"twitter-logo-footer\">Twitter<\/title>",
"target": [
"#twitter-logo-footer"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "bluesky-logo-footer",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"bluesky-logo-footer\">Bluesky<\/title>",
"target": [
"#bluesky-logo-footer"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "github-logo-footer",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"github-logo-footer\">GitHub<\/title>",
"target": [
"#github-logo-footer"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.parsing",
"wcag2a",
"wcag411"
],
"description": "Ensures every id attribute value is unique",
"help": "id attribute value must be unique",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/duplicate-id?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "ha-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"ha-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 432 225\">",
"target": [
"#ha-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "github-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"github-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 32.6 31.8\">",
"target": [
"#github-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "twitter-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"twitter-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 300 271\">\n <path xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" d=\"m236 0h46l-101 115 118 156h-92.6l-72.5-94.8-83 94.8h-46l107-123-113-148h94.9l65.5 86.6zm-16.1 244h25.5l-165-218h-27.4z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path>\n <\/symbol>",
"target": [
"#twitter-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "linkedin-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"linkedin-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 200 200\">",
"target": [
"#linkedin-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "mastodon-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"mastodon-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 61 65\">",
"target": [
"#mastodon-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "bluesky-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"bluesky-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 600 530\">",
"target": [
"#bluesky-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "globe-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"globe-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 30 30\">",
"target": [
"#globe-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "bar-chart-logo",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"bar-chart-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 18 19\">\n <path d=\"M0 9h3v10H0V9zm5-9h3v19H5V0zm5 7h3v12h-3V7zm5-4h3v16h-3V3z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path>\n <\/symbol>",
"target": [
"#bar-chart-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "comment-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"comment-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22.1\">\n <path d=\"M4.4 22.1l8-5.1H22V0H0v17h4.4z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path>\n <\/symbol>",
"target": [
"#comment-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "sql-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"sql-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 14.6\">",
"target": [
"#sql-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "search-logo",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"search-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 13 13\">",
"target": [
"#search-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "share-apple-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"share-apple-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\">",
"target": [
"#share-apple-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "share-android-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"share-android-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\">",
"target": [
"#share-android-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "skiptocontent",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<div id=\"skiptocontent\"><a href=\"#maincontent\">Skip navigation<\/a><\/div>",
"target": [
"#skiptocontent"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "header",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<nav id=\"header-page-navigation\" aria-label=\"Page navigation\">",
"target": [
"#header-page-navigation"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "menu",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<nav id=\"menu\" aria-labelledby=\"menu-btn\">",
"target": [
"#menu"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "mobile-misc",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li id=\"mobile-misc\" class=\"misc\">",
"target": [
"#mobile-misc"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<main id=\"maincontent\">",
"target": [
"#maincontent"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "intro",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<section id=\"intro\" class=\"intro-container\">",
"target": [
"#intro"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "featured-chapter",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<section id=\"featured-chapter\" class=\"featured-chapter\">",
"target": [
"#featured-chapter"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "contributors",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<section id=\"contributors\" class=\"contributors-container alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#contributors"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "character-markup",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<img id=\"character-markup\" class=\"character\" src=\"\/static\/images\/character-markup.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"154\" height=\"252\" loading=\"lazy\">",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "character-star",
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"impact": "minor",
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}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<img id=\"character-star\" class=\"character\" src=\"\/static\/images\/character-star.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"245\" height=\"254\" loading=\"lazy\">",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "character-hat",
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"impact": "minor",
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}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<img id=\"character-hat\" class=\"character\" src=\"\/static\/images\/character-hat.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"186\" height=\"207\" loading=\"lazy\">",
"target": [
"#character-hat"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "methodology",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<section id=\"methodology\" class=\"methodology-container\">",
"target": [
"#methodology"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "footer",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<footer id=\"footer\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#footer"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "footer-nav-items",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<nav id=\"footer-nav-items\" aria-label=\"Footer navigation\" class=\"nav-items\">",
"target": [
"#footer-nav-items"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "mobile-footer-nav-items",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
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}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<nav id=\"mobile-footer-nav-items\" aria-label=\"Footer navigation\" class=\"nav-items\">",
"target": [
"#mobile-footer-nav-items"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "footer-mobile-social-media",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<div id=\"footer-mobile-social-media\" class=\"mobile-ha-social-media\">",
"target": [
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]
}
]
},
{
"id": "html-has-lang",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
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"wcag2a",
"wcag311",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensures every HTML document has a lang attribute",
"help": "<html> element must have a lang attribute",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/html-has-lang?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "has-lang",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "The <html> element has a lang attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<html lang=\"en\">",
"target": [
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]
}
]
},
{
"id": "html-lang-valid",
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"tags": [
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"wcag2a",
"wcag311",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensures the lang attribute of the <html> element has a valid value",
"help": "<html> element must have a valid value for the lang attribute",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/html-lang-valid?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "valid-lang",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Value of lang attribute is included in the list of valid languages"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<html lang=\"en\">",
"target": [
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]
}
]
},
{
"id": "image-alt",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
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"wcag2a",
"wcag111",
"section508",
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],
"description": "Ensures <img> elements have alternate text or a role of none or presentation",
"help": "Images must have alternate text",
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"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "has-alt",
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"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
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},
{
"id": "presentational-role",
"data": {
"role": "presentation"
},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
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}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "alt-space-value",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Element has a valid alt attribute value"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<img src=\"\/static\/images\/home-hero.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"820\" height=\"562\" fetchpriority=\"high\">",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "has-alt",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Element has an alt attribute"
},
{
"id": "presentational-role",
"data": {
"role": "presentation"
},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Element's default semantics were overriden with role=\"presentation\""
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "alt-space-value",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Element has a valid alt attribute value"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<img class=\"methodology-characters\" src=\"\/static\/images\/methodology-characters.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"984\" height=\"354\" loading=\"lazy\">",
"target": [
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]
}
]
},
{
"id": "link-name",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
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"wcag2a",
"wcag412",
"wcag244",
"section508",
"section508.22.a",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensures links have discernible text",
"help": "Links must have discernible text",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/link-name?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "has-visible-text",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Element has text that is visible to screen readers"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
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"id": "focusable-no-name",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element is not in tab order or has accessible text"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"#maincontent\">Skip navigation<\/a>",
"target": [
"a[href$=\"#maincontent\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "has-visible-text",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Element has text that is visible to screen readers"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "focusable-no-name",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element is not in tab order or has accessible text"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"\/en\/2024\/\">2024 edition!<\/a>",
"target": [
"p[lang=\"en\"] > a[href=\"\/en\/2024\/\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "has-visible-text",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Element has text that is visible to screen readers"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "focusable-no-name",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element is not in tab order or has accessible text"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a class=\"navigation-logo\" href=\"\/en\/2022\/\">\n \n <span class=\"wa\">Web Almanac<\/span>\n <span class=\"line-group\">\n <span class=\"pre\">By<\/span>\n <span class=\"ha\">HTTP Archive<\/span>\n <\/span>\n\n <\/a>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "has-visible-text",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Element has text that is visible to screen readers"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
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"id": "focusable-no-name",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element is not in tab order or has accessible text"
}
],
"impact": null,
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"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"twitter-logo-footer\">Twitter<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#twitter-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"20\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"bluesky-logo-footer\">Bluesky<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#bluesky-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"bluesky-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"20\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"22\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"github-logo-footer\">GitHub<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#github-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"22\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "svg-img-alt",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.text-alternatives",
"wcag2a",
"wcag111",
"section508",
"section508.22.a",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensures <svg> elements with an img, graphics-document or graphics-symbol role have an accessible text",
"help": "<svg> elements with an img role must have an alternative text",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/svg-img-alt?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "svg-non-empty-title",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has a child that is a title"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"70\" height=\"35\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"ha-logo-footer\">HTTP Archive home<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ha-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"ha-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"70\"][height=\"35\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "svg-non-empty-title",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has a child that is a title"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"twitter-logo-footer\">Twitter<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#twitter-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"20\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "svg-non-empty-title",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has a child that is a title"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"bluesky-logo-footer\">Bluesky<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#bluesky-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"bluesky-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"20\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "svg-non-empty-title",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has a child that is a title"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"22\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"github-logo-footer\">GitHub<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#github-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"22\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "valid-lang",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.language",
"wcag2aa",
"wcag312"
],
"description": "Ensures lang attributes have valid values",
"help": "lang attribute must have a valid value",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/valid-lang?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "valid-lang",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Value of lang attribute is included in the list of valid languages"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<p lang=\"en\">\n You\u2019re viewing a previous edition of the Web Almanac.\n Check out the <a href=\"\/en\/2024\/\">2024 edition!<\/a>\n<\/p>",
"target": [
"p[lang=\"en\"]"
]
}
]
}
],
"incomplete": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"impact": "serious",
"tags": [
"cat.color",
"wcag2aa",
"wcag143"
],
"description": "Ensures the contrast between foreground and background colors meets WCAG 2 AA contrast ratio thresholds",
"help": "Elements must have sufficient color contrast",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/color-contrast?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "15.6pt (20.8px)",
"fontWeight": "bold",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "3:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<span class=\"wa\">Web Almanac<\/span>",
"target": [
".top-header > .navigation-logo[href=\"\/en\/2022\/\"] > .wa"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"messageKey": "pseudoContent"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<span class=\"line-group\">\n <span class=\"pre\">By<\/span>\n <span class=\"ha\">HTTP Archive<\/span>\n <\/span>",
"target": [
".top-header > .navigation-logo[href=\"\/en\/2022\/\"] > .line-group"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a pseudo element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<span class=\"pre\">By<\/span>",
"target": [
".top-header > .navigation-logo[href=\"\/en\/2022\/\"] > .line-group > .pre"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a pseudo element"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "9.6pt (12.8px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<span class=\"ha\">HTTP Archive<\/span>",
"target": [
".top-header > .navigation-logo[href=\"\/en\/2022\/\"] > .line-group > .ha"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#f2f2f2",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "12.8pt (17px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">Contributors<\/a>",
"target": [
"#header-page-navigation > ul > li:nth-child(1) > a[href$=\"contributors\"]"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#f2f2f2",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "12.8pt (17px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">Methodology<\/a>",
"target": [
"#header-page-navigation > ul > li:nth-child(2) > a[href$=\"methodology\"]"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "12.8pt (17px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn search-button\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n Search\n <\/button>",
"target": [
".header.search-nav.nav-dropdown > .search-button.nav-dropdown-btn[type=\"button\"]"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "12.8pt (17px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Table of Contents\">\n Table of Contents\n <\/button>",
"target": [
".table-of-contents.header.nav-dropdown > .nav-dropdown-btn[aria-label=\"Table of Contents\"][type=\"button\"]"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "12.8pt (17px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>",
"target": [
".header.nav-dropdown > .nav-dropdown-btn[aria-label=\"Year Switcher\"][type=\"button\"]"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "12.8pt (17px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>",
"target": [
".header.nav-dropdown > .nav-dropdown-btn[aria-label=\"Language Switcher\"][type=\"button\"]"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "36.0pt (48px)",
"fontWeight": "bold",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "3:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<h1 class=\"title title-lg title-alt\">Web Almanac<\/h1>",
"target": [
"h1"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "22.5pt (30px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "3:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<h2>HTTP Archive\u2019s annual<br> <b>state of the web<\/b> report<\/h2>",
"target": [
".intro > h2"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "22.5pt (30px)",
"fontWeight": "bold",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "3:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<b>state of the web<\/b>",
"target": [
"b"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "12.8pt (17px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<p>",
"target": [
".intro > p"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "12.0pt (16px)",
"fontWeight": "bold",
"messageKey": "imgNode",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<svg viewBox=\"0 0 56 16\">\n <text x=\"9\" y=\"15\">2022<\/text>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"svg[viewBox=\"0 0 56 16\"]"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined because element contains an image node"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<text x=\"9\" y=\"15\">2022<\/text>",
"target": [
"text"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined because element contains an image node"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#1a2b49",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "18.0pt (24px)",
"fontWeight": "bold",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "3:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<h2 class=\"title title-center\">Featured Chapter<\/h2>",
"target": [
".featured-chapter-content > .title-center"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#1a2b49",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "14.9pt (19.89px)",
"fontWeight": "bold",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "3:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<h3>HTTP<\/h3>",
"target": [
"h3"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#1a2b49",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "14.3pt (19px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<blockquote>\n This past year was an eventful year for the HTTP protocol especially with HTTP\/3 being standardized. We continue to observe high HTTP\/2 utilization and see a strong upcoming HTTP\/3 support from web servers.\n <\/blockquote>",
"target": [
"blockquote"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#f2f2f2",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "19.1pt (25.5px)",
"fontWeight": "bold",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "3:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<section id=\"contributors\" class=\"contributors-container alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#contributors"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<h2 class=\"title title-alt\">Contributors<\/h2>",
"target": [
".contributors > .title-alt"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#f2f2f2",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "12.8pt (17px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<section id=\"contributors\" class=\"contributors-container alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#contributors"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<p>\nThe Web Almanac has been made possible by the hard work of the web community. 116 people have volunteered countless hours in the planning, research, writing and production phases of the 2022 Web Almanac.\n<\/p>",
"target": [
".contributors > p"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#f7f779",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "10.5pt (14px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<section id=\"contributors\" class=\"contributors-container alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#contributors"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\" class=\"alt btn\">\n See the contributors\n <\/a>",
"target": [
".alt.btn[href$=\"contributors\"]"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "225.0pt (300px)",
"fontWeight": "bold",
"messageKey": "elmPartiallyObscured",
"expectedContrastRatio": "3:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<section id=\"contributors\" class=\"contributors-container alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#contributors"
]
}
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<\/a>\n <nav id=\"header-page-navigation\" aria-label=\"Page navigation\">\n <ul>\n \n\n<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">Contributors<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">Methodology<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n <li>\n \n \n \n <div class=\"nav-dropdown header search-nav\">\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn search-button\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n Search\n <\/button>\n <ul class=\"nav-dropdown-list align-right hidden header-search\">\n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <form action=\"\/en\/search\">\n <label for=\"header-search-box\" class=\"visually-hidden\">Search<\/label>\n <input id=\"header-search-box\" class=\"search-input\" type=\"search\" name=\"q\" placeholder=\"Search\" title=\"Search\" aria-label=\"Search\">\n <button class=\"search-button\" type=\"submit\">\n <svg width=\"13\" height=\"13\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"header-search-icon\">\n <title id=\"header-search-icon\">Search<\/title>\n <use 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Page Content<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/css\">\n Chapter 1: CSS\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/javascript\">\n Chapter 2: JavaScript\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/markup\">\n Chapter 3: Markup\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/structured-data\">\n Chapter 4: Structured Data\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/fonts\">\n Chapter 5: Fonts\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/media\">\n Chapter 6: Media\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/webassembly\">\n Chapter 7: WebAssembly\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/third-parties\">\n Chapter 8: Third Parties\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/interoperability\">\n Chapter 9: Interoperability\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-2\">Part II. User Experience<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/seo\">\n Chapter 10: SEO\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/accessibility\">\n Chapter 11: Accessibility\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/performance\">\n Chapter 12: Performance\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/privacy\">\n Chapter 13: Privacy\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/security\">\n Chapter 14: Security\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/mobile-web\">\n Chapter 15: Mobile Web\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/capabilities\">\n Chapter 16: Capabilities\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/pwa\">\n Chapter 17: PWA\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-3\">Part III. Content Publishing<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/cms\">\n Chapter 18: CMS\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/jamstack\">\n Chapter 19: Jamstack\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/sustainability\">\n Chapter 20: Sustainability\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-4\">Part IV. 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href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">Methodology<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n <li>\n \n \n <form class=\"search-nav\" action=\"\/en\/search\">\n <label for=\"mobile-search-box\" class=\"visually-hidden\">Search<\/label>\n <input id=\"mobile-search-box\" class=\"search-input\" type=\"search\" name=\"q\" placeholder=\"Search\" title=\"Search\" aria-label=\"Search\">\n <button class=\"search-button\" type=\"submit\">\n <svg width=\"13\" height=\"13\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"mobile-search-icon\">\n <title id=\"mobile-search-icon\">Search<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#search-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/button>\n <\/form>\n \n\n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n\n \n \n\n\n<div class=\"table-of-contents-switcher\">\n <label for=\"table-of-contents-switcher-mobile\" class=\"visually-hidden\">\n Table of Contents Switcher\n <\/label>\n <select id=\"table-of-contents-switcher-mobile\" data-label=\"toc-menu-mobile\">\n \n <option selected=\"\" disabled=\"\" value=\"\/en\/2022\/\">Home<\/option>\n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents\">Table of Contents<\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/css\">\n Chapter 1: CSS\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/javascript\">\n Chapter 2: JavaScript\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/markup\">\n Chapter 3: Markup\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/structured-data\">\n Chapter 4: Structured Data\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/fonts\">\n Chapter 5: Fonts\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/media\">\n Chapter 6: Media\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/webassembly\">\n Chapter 7: WebAssembly\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/third-parties\">\n Chapter 8: Third Parties\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/interoperability\">\n Chapter 9: Interoperability\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/seo\">\n Chapter 10: SEO\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/accessibility\">\n Chapter 11: Accessibility\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/performance\">\n Chapter 12: Performance\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/privacy\">\n Chapter 13: Privacy\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/security\">\n Chapter 14: Security\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/mobile-web\">\n Chapter 15: Mobile Web\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/capabilities\">\n Chapter 16: Capabilities\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/pwa\">\n Chapter 17: PWA\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/cms\">\n Chapter 18: CMS\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/jamstack\">\n Chapter 19: Jamstack\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/sustainability\">\n Chapter 20: Sustainability\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/page-weight\">\n Chapter 21: Page Weight\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/cdn\">\n Chapter 22: CDN\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/http\">\n Chapter 23: HTTP\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">\n Methodology\n <\/option>\n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">\n Contributors\n <\/option>\n \n\n \n <option value=\"\/en\/search\">\n Search\n <\/option>\n \n\n \n <option value=\"https:\/\/cdn.httparchive.org\/almanac\/ebooks\/web_almanac_2022_en.pdf\" data-event=\"ebook-click\">\n Ebook PDF (23MB)\n <\/option>\n \n <\/select>\n<\/div>\n\n \n\n\n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n \n \n \n \n <div 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\u7e41\u9ad4\u4e2d\u6587\n <\/option>\n \n \n <hr>\n <option value=\"https:\/\/github.com\/HTTPArchive\/almanac.httparchive.org\/wiki\/Translators'-Guide\">\n Help translate\n <\/option>\n <\/select>\n <\/div>\n\n \n\n <\/li>\n <li id=\"mobile-misc\" class=\"misc\">\n <ul class=\"misc\">\n <li>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/httparchive.org\/\" aria-labelledby=\"ha-logo-mobile\">\n <svg width=\"70\" height=\"35\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"ha-logo-mobile\">HTTP Archive home<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ha-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/a>\n <\/li>\n <li>\n <ul class=\"social-media\">\n <li>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/HTTPArchive\" aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-mobile\">\n <svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"twitter-logo-mobile\">Twitter<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#twitter-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/a>\n <\/li>\n <li>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/bsky.app\/profile\/httparchive.org\" aria-labelledby=\"bluesky-logo-mobile\">\n <svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"bluesky-logo-mobile\">Bluesky<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#bluesky-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/a>\n <\/li>\n <li>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/HTTPArchive\/almanac.httparchive.org\" aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-mobile\">\n <svg width=\"22\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"github-logo-mobile\">GitHub<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#github-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/a>\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/nav>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/header>\n <script nonce=\"\">\n \/\/ If JS is enabled then enable menus ASAP to avoid CLS as menu items change from links to buttons\n (function() {\n document.querySelectorAll('.js-hide').forEach(element => {\n \/\/ Don't just hide it - delete it completely to avoid any specifity issues\n element.parentNode.removeChild(element);\n });\n document.querySelectorAll('.js-enable').forEach(element => {\n element.classList.remove('js-enable');\n element.classList.remove('hidden');\n element.disabled = false;\n element.hidden = false;\n });\n })();\n <\/script>\n \n\n \n<main id=\"maincontent\">\n <section id=\"intro\" class=\"intro-container\">\n <div class=\"intro\">\n <div class=\"intro-year\">2022<\/div>\n <h1 class=\"title title-lg title-alt\">Web Almanac<\/h1>\n <h2>HTTP Archive\u2019s annual<br> <b>state of the web<\/b> report<\/h2>\n \n \n<p>\nOur mission is to combine the raw stats and trends of the HTTP Archive with the expertise of the web community. The Web Almanac is a comprehensive report on the state of the web, backed by real data and trusted web experts. The 2022 edition is comprised of 23 chapters spanning aspects of page content, user experience, publishing, and distribution.\n<\/p>\n\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents\" class=\"btn\">\n Start exploring\n <\/a>\n \n <\/div>\n <div class=\"intro-image-wrapper\">\n \n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 56 16\">\n <text x=\"9\" y=\"15\">2022<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n \n <img src=\"\/static\/images\/home-hero.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"820\" height=\"562\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n <section id=\"featured-chapter\" class=\"featured-chapter\">\n <div class=\"featured-chapter-content\">\n \n <h2 class=\"title title-center\">Featured Chapter<\/h2>\n \n <h3>HTTP<\/h3>\n \n <blockquote>\n This past year was an eventful year for the HTTP protocol especially with HTTP\/3 being standardized. We continue to observe high HTTP\/2 utilization and see a strong upcoming HTTP\/3 support from web servers.\n <\/blockquote>\n <div class=\"featured-chapter-content-data\">\n \n <div class=\"featured-chapter-content-data-item\">\n <div class=\"no-wrap\">77%<\/div>\n <div>Requests served on HTTP\/2 or above<\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n \n <div class=\"featured-chapter-content-data-item\">\n <div class=\"no-wrap\">1.5%<\/div>\n <div>Websites adopting 103 Early Hints<\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n \n <div class=\"featured-chapter-content-data-item\">\n <div class=\"no-wrap\">50%<\/div>\n <div>Increase in requests that have HTTP\/3 support<\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n <\/div>\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/http\" class=\"btn\">\n Read the <span class=\"featured-chapter-name\">HTTP<\/span> chapter\n <\/a>\n \n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n \n \n \n \n \n <section id=\"contributors\" class=\"contributors-container alt-bg\">\n <div class=\"container\">\n <div class=\"contributors\">\n <h2 class=\"title title-alt\">Contributors<\/h2>\n <p>\nThe Web Almanac has been made possible by the hard work of the web community. 116 people have volunteered countless hours in the planning, research, writing and production phases of the 2022 Web Almanac.\n<\/p>\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\" class=\"alt btn\">\n See the contributors\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"people\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n <div class=\"people-number\">116<\/div>\n <img id=\"character-markup\" class=\"character\" src=\"\/static\/images\/character-markup.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"154\" height=\"252\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <img id=\"character-star\" class=\"character\" src=\"\/static\/images\/character-star.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"245\" height=\"254\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <img id=\"character-hat\" class=\"character\" src=\"\/static\/images\/character-hat.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"186\" height=\"207\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n <section id=\"methodology\" class=\"methodology-container\">\n <div class=\"methodology\">\n <h2 class=\"title title-center\">Methodology<\/h2>\n <div class=\"methodology-data\">\n <div class=\"websites-tested\">\n <div>\n Websites Tested\n <\/div>\n <div>\n 8.36M\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"data-processed\">\n <div>\n Data Processed\n <\/div>\n <div>\n 43.88 TB\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <p class=\"methodology-info\">\n \nUnless otherwise noted, the metrics in all of the 23 chapters of the 2022 Web Almanac are sourced from the HTTP Archive dataset. HTTP Archive is a community-run project that has been tracking how the web is built since 2010. Using WebPageTest and Lighthouse under the hood, metadata about nearly 8.4 million websites are tested monthly and included in a public BigQuery database for analysis. The June 2022 dataset was used as the basis for the 2022 Web Almanac\u2019s metrics. For more information, see the Methodology page.\n\n <\/p>\n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\" class=\"alt btn\">\n Learn about our Methodology\n <\/a>\n \n <img class=\"methodology-characters\" src=\"\/static\/images\/methodology-characters.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"984\" height=\"354\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n \n<\/main>\n\n\n \n <footer id=\"footer\" class=\"alt-bg\">\n <div class=\"container\">\n <div class=\"home-logo\">\n <a class=\"navigation-logo\" href=\"\/en\/2022\/\">\n \n <span class=\"wa\">Web Almanac<\/span>\n <span class=\"line-group\">\n <span class=\"pre\">By<\/span>\n <span class=\"ha\">HTTP Archive<\/span>\n <\/span>\n\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n <hr>\n <nav id=\"footer-nav-items\" aria-label=\"Footer navigation\" class=\"nav-items\">\n <ul>\n \n\n<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">Contributors<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">Methodology<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n <li>\n \n \n \n <div class=\"nav-dropdown footer search-nav\">\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn search-button\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n Search\n <\/button>\n <ul class=\"nav-dropdown-list align-right hidden footer-search\">\n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <form action=\"\/en\/search\">\n <label for=\"footer-search-box\" class=\"visually-hidden\">Search<\/label>\n <input id=\"footer-search-box\" class=\"search-input\" type=\"search\" name=\"q\" placeholder=\"Search\" title=\"Search\" aria-label=\"Search\">\n <button class=\"search-button\" type=\"submit\">\n <svg width=\"13\" height=\"13\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"footer-search-icon\">\n <title id=\"footer-search-icon\">Search<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#search-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/button>\n <\/form>\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n \n\n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n\n \n \n\n\n<div class=\"nav-dropdown footer table-of-contents\">\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Table of Contents\">\n Table of Contents\n <\/button>\n <ul class=\"nav-dropdown-list hidden footer-list\">\n\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part nav-dropdown-list-current\">\n <span>Home<\/span>\n <\/li>\n \n\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents\">Table of Contents<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-1\">Part I. Page Content<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/css\">\n Chapter 1: CSS\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/javascript\">\n Chapter 2: JavaScript\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/markup\">\n Chapter 3: Markup\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/structured-data\">\n Chapter 4: Structured Data\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/fonts\">\n Chapter 5: Fonts\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/media\">\n Chapter 6: Media\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/webassembly\">\n Chapter 7: WebAssembly\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/third-parties\">\n Chapter 8: Third Parties\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/interoperability\">\n Chapter 9: Interoperability\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-2\">Part II. User Experience<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/seo\">\n Chapter 10: SEO\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/accessibility\">\n Chapter 11: Accessibility\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/performance\">\n Chapter 12: Performance\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/privacy\">\n Chapter 13: Privacy\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/security\">\n Chapter 14: Security\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/mobile-web\">\n Chapter 15: Mobile Web\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/capabilities\">\n Chapter 16: Capabilities\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/pwa\">\n Chapter 17: PWA\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-3\">Part III. Content Publishing<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/cms\">\n Chapter 18: CMS\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/jamstack\">\n Chapter 19: Jamstack\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/sustainability\">\n Chapter 20: Sustainability\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-4\">Part IV. Content Distribution<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/page-weight\">\n Chapter 21: Page Weight\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/cdn\">\n Chapter 22: CDN\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/http\">\n Chapter 23: HTTP\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n\n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#appendices\">Appendices<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">Methodology<\/a>\n \n <\/li>\n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">Contributors<\/a>\n \n <\/li>\n \n\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/search\">Search<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#ebook\">Ebook<\/a>\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter ebook\">\n <a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.httparchive.org\/almanac\/ebooks\/web_almanac_2022_en.pdf\" data-event=\"ebook-click\" data-label=\"toc-menu\">Ebook PDF (23MB)<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n \n\n\n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n \n \n \n \n <div class=\"nav-dropdown footer\">\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>\n <ul class=\"nav-dropdown-list hidden footer-list\">\n \n \n \n \n <li>\n <a href=\"\/en\/2024\/\">2024<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <li>\n <a href=\"\/en\/2021\/\">2021<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <li>\n <a href=\"\/en\/2020\/\">2020<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <li>\n <a href=\"\/en\/2019\/\">2019<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n \n \n \n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n \n \n <div class=\"nav-dropdown footer\">\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>\n <ul class=\"nav-dropdown-list hidden footer-list\">\n \n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"es\" href=\"\/es\/2022\/\">Espa\u00f1ol<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"fr\" href=\"\/fr\/2022\/\">Fran\u00e7ais<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"it\" href=\"\/it\/2022\/\">Italiano<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"nl\" href=\"\/nl\/2022\/\">Nederlands<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"pt\" href=\"\/pt\/2022\/\">Portugu\u00eas<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"tr\" href=\"\/tr\/2022\/\">T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"ru\" href=\"\/ru\/2022\/\">\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"uk\" href=\"\/uk\/2022\/\">\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"hi\" href=\"\/hi\/2022\/\">\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0940<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"ja\" href=\"\/ja\/2022\/\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"zh-CN\" href=\"\/zh-CN\/2022\/\">\u7b80\u4f53\u4e2d\u6587<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"zh-TW\" href=\"\/zh-TW\/2022\/\">\u7e41\u9ad4\u4e2d\u6587<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a class=\"help-translate\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/HTTPArchive\/almanac.httparchive.org\/wiki\/Translators'-Guide\"><em>Help translate<\/em><\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n \n\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/nav>\n <nav id=\"mobile-footer-nav-items\" aria-label=\"Footer navigation\" class=\"nav-items\">\n <ul>\n \n\n<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">Contributors<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">Methodology<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n <li>\n \n \n <form class=\"search-nav\" action=\"\/en\/search\">\n <label for=\"mobile-footer-search-box\" class=\"visually-hidden\">Search<\/label>\n <input id=\"mobile-footer-search-box\" class=\"search-input\" type=\"search\" name=\"q\" placeholder=\"Search\" title=\"Search\" aria-label=\"Search\">\n <button class=\"search-button\" type=\"submit\">\n <svg width=\"13\" height=\"13\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"mobile-footer-search-icon\">\n <title id=\"mobile-footer-search-icon\">Search<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#search-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/button>\n <\/form>\n \n\n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n\n \n \n\n\n<div class=\"table-of-contents-switcher\">\n <label for=\"table-of-contents-switcher-mobile-footer\" class=\"visually-hidden\">\n Table of Contents Switcher\n <\/label>\n <select id=\"table-of-contents-switcher-mobile-footer\" data-label=\"toc-menu-mobile\">\n \n <option selected=\"\" disabled=\"\" value=\"\/en\/2022\/\">Home<\/option>\n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents\">Table of Contents<\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/css\">\n Chapter 1: CSS\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/javascript\">\n Chapter 2: JavaScript\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/markup\">\n Chapter 3: Markup\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/structured-data\">\n Chapter 4: Structured Data\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/fonts\">\n Chapter 5: Fonts\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/media\">\n Chapter 6: Media\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/webassembly\">\n Chapter 7: WebAssembly\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/third-parties\">\n Chapter 8: Third Parties\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/interoperability\">\n Chapter 9: Interoperability\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/seo\">\n Chapter 10: SEO\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/accessibility\">\n Chapter 11: Accessibility\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/performance\">\n Chapter 12: Performance\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/privacy\">\n Chapter 13: Privacy\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/security\">\n Chapter 14: Security\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/mobile-web\">\n Chapter 15: Mobile Web\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/capabilities\">\n Chapter 16: Capabilities\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/pwa\">\n Chapter 17: PWA\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/cms\">\n Chapter 18: CMS\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/jamstack\">\n Chapter 19: Jamstack\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/sustainability\">\n Chapter 20: Sustainability\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/page-weight\">\n Chapter 21: Page Weight\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/cdn\">\n Chapter 22: CDN\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/http\">\n Chapter 23: HTTP\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">\n Methodology\n <\/option>\n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">\n Contributors\n <\/option>\n \n\n \n <option value=\"\/en\/search\">\n Search\n <\/option>\n \n\n \n <option value=\"https:\/\/cdn.httparchive.org\/almanac\/ebooks\/web_almanac_2022_en.pdf\" data-event=\"ebook-click\">\n Ebook PDF (23MB)\n <\/option>\n \n <\/select>\n<\/div>\n\n \n\n\n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n \n \n \n \n <div class=\"year-switcher js-show\">\n <label for=\"year-switcher-mobile-footer\" class=\"visually-hidden\">Year Switcher<\/label>\n <select id=\"year-switcher-mobile-footer\">\n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2024\/\">\n 2024\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n <option selected=\"selected\" value=\"\/en\/2022\/\">\n 2022\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2021\/\">\n 2021\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2020\/\">\n 2020\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2019\/\">\n 2019\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <\/select>\n <\/div>\n\n \n \n \n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n \n \n <div class=\"language-switcher js-show\">\n <label for=\"language-switcher-mobile-footer\" class=\"visually-hidden\">Language Switcher<\/label>\n <select id=\"language-switcher-mobile-footer\">\n \n \n <option selected=\"selected\" lang=\"en\" value=\"\/en\/2022\/\">\n English\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"es\" value=\"\/es\/2022\/\">\n Espa\u00f1ol\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"fr\" value=\"\/fr\/2022\/\">\n Fran\u00e7ais\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"it\" value=\"\/it\/2022\/\">\n Italiano\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"nl\" value=\"\/nl\/2022\/\">\n Nederlands\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"pt\" value=\"\/pt\/2022\/\">\n Portugu\u00eas\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"tr\" value=\"\/tr\/2022\/\">\n T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"ru\" value=\"\/ru\/2022\/\">\n \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"uk\" value=\"\/uk\/2022\/\">\n \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"hi\" value=\"\/hi\/2022\/\">\n \u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0940\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"ja\" value=\"\/ja\/2022\/\">\n \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"zh-CN\" value=\"\/zh-CN\/2022\/\">\n \u7b80\u4f53\u4e2d\u6587\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"zh-TW\" value=\"\/zh-TW\/2022\/\">\n \u7e41\u9ad4\u4e2d\u6587\n <\/option>\n \n \n <hr>\n <option value=\"https:\/\/github.com\/HTTPArchive\/almanac.httparchive.org\/wiki\/Translators'-Guide\">\n Help translate\n <\/option>\n <\/select>\n <\/div>\n\n \n\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/nav>\n <div 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"any": [
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"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Table of Contents\">\n Table of Contents\n <\/button>",
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{
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"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>",
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"impact": null,
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"html": "<nav id=\"footer-nav-items\" aria-label=\"Footer navigation\" class=\"nav-items\">",
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"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn search-button\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n Search\n <\/button>",
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"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>",
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"any": [
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"impact": null,
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"impact": null,
"html": "<a class=\"ha-logo not-mobile\" href=\"https:\/\/httparchive.org\/\" aria-labelledby=\"ha-logo-footer\">",
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"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/HTTPArchive\" aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-footer\">",
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},
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"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"https:\/\/bsky.app\/profile\/httparchive.org\" aria-labelledby=\"bluesky-logo-footer\">",
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"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/HTTPArchive\/almanac.httparchive.org\" rel=\"me\" aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-footer\">",
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{
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"none": [],
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{
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"html": "<svg width=\"70\" height=\"35\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"ha-logo-footer\">HTTP Archive home<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ha-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
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"html": "<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"twitter-logo-footer\">Twitter<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#twitter-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
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"html": "<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"bluesky-logo-footer\">Bluesky<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#bluesky-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
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"html": "<svg width=\"22\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"github-logo-footer\">GitHub<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#github-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
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"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of 5.62"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>",
"target": [
".footer.nav-dropdown > .nav-dropdown-btn[aria-label=\"Year Switcher\"][type=\"button\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"bgColor": "#5c687d",
"contrastRatio": 5.62,
"fontSize": "12.8pt (17px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of 5.62"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>",
"target": [
".footer.nav-dropdown > .nav-dropdown-btn[aria-label=\"Language Switcher\"][type=\"button\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of ${data.contrastRatio}"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<select id=\"table-of-contents-switcher-mobile-footer\" data-label=\"toc-menu-mobile\">",
"target": [
"#table-of-contents-switcher-mobile-footer"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of ${data.contrastRatio}"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<select id=\"year-switcher-mobile-footer\">",
"target": [
"#year-switcher-mobile-footer"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of ${data.contrastRatio}"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<select id=\"language-switcher-mobile-footer\">",
"target": [
"#language-switcher-mobile-footer"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#f2f2f2",
"bgColor": "#5c687d",
"contrastRatio": 5.02,
"fontSize": "12.0pt (16px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of 5.02"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<span>\u00a9 Web Almanac. Licensed under <a hreflang=\"en\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/HTTPArchive\/almanac.httparchive.org\/blob\/main\/LICENSE\">Apache 2.0<\/a>.<\/span>",
"target": [
".copyright > span:nth-child(1)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"bgColor": "#5c687d",
"contrastRatio": 5.62,
"fontSize": "12.0pt (16px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of 5.62"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a hreflang=\"en\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/HTTPArchive\/almanac.httparchive.org\/blob\/main\/LICENSE\">Apache 2.0<\/a>",
"target": [
"a[hreflang=\"en\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"bgColor": "#5c687d",
"contrastRatio": 5.62,
"fontSize": "12.0pt (16px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of 5.62"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a class=\"accessibility-statement\" href=\"\/en\/accessibility-statement\">Accessibility Statement<\/a>",
"target": [
".accessibility-statement"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"bgColor": "#5c687d",
"contrastRatio": 5.62,
"fontSize": "12.0pt (16px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of 5.62"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a class=\"rss-feed\" href=\"\/en\/rss.xml\">RSS Feed<\/a>",
"target": [
".rss-feed"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "document-title",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.text-alternatives",
"wcag2a",
"wcag242",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensures each HTML document contains a non-empty <title> element",
"help": "Documents must have <title> element to aid in navigation",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/document-title?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "doc-has-title",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Document has a non-empty <title> element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<html lang=\"en\">",
"target": [
"html"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.parsing",
"wcag2a",
"wcag411"
],
"description": "Ensures every id attribute value used in ARIA and in labels is unique",
"help": "IDs used in ARIA and labels must be unique",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/duplicate-id-aria?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "header-search-box",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<input id=\"header-search-box\" class=\"search-input\" type=\"search\" name=\"q\" placeholder=\"Search\" title=\"Search\" aria-label=\"Search\">",
"target": [
"#header-search-box"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "header-search-icon",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"header-search-icon\">Search<\/title>",
"target": [
"#header-search-icon"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "menu-btn",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"menu-btn\" id=\"menu-btn\" aria-label=\"Open the menu\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-open-text=\"Open the menu\" data-close-text=\"Close the menu\">",
"target": [
"#menu-btn"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "mobile-search-box",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<input id=\"mobile-search-box\" class=\"search-input\" type=\"search\" name=\"q\" placeholder=\"Search\" title=\"Search\" aria-label=\"Search\">",
"target": [
"#mobile-search-box"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "mobile-search-icon",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"mobile-search-icon\">Search<\/title>",
"target": [
"#mobile-search-icon"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "table-of-contents-switcher-mobile",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<select id=\"table-of-contents-switcher-mobile\" data-label=\"toc-menu-mobile\">",
"target": [
"#table-of-contents-switcher-mobile"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "year-switcher-mobile",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<select id=\"year-switcher-mobile\">",
"target": [
"#year-switcher-mobile"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "language-switcher-mobile",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<select id=\"language-switcher-mobile\">",
"target": [
"#language-switcher-mobile"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "ha-logo-mobile",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"ha-logo-mobile\">HTTP Archive home<\/title>",
"target": [
"#ha-logo-mobile"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "twitter-logo-mobile",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"twitter-logo-mobile\">Twitter<\/title>",
"target": [
"#twitter-logo-mobile"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "bluesky-logo-mobile",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"bluesky-logo-mobile\">Bluesky<\/title>",
"target": [
"#bluesky-logo-mobile"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "github-logo-mobile",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"github-logo-mobile\">GitHub<\/title>",
"target": [
"#github-logo-mobile"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "footer-search-box",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<input id=\"footer-search-box\" class=\"search-input\" type=\"search\" name=\"q\" placeholder=\"Search\" title=\"Search\" aria-label=\"Search\">",
"target": [
"#footer-search-box"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "footer-search-icon",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"footer-search-icon\">Search<\/title>",
"target": [
"#footer-search-icon"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "mobile-footer-search-box",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<input id=\"mobile-footer-search-box\" class=\"search-input\" type=\"search\" name=\"q\" placeholder=\"Search\" title=\"Search\" aria-label=\"Search\">",
"target": [
"#mobile-footer-search-box"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "mobile-footer-search-icon",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"mobile-footer-search-icon\">Search<\/title>",
"target": [
"#mobile-footer-search-icon"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "table-of-contents-switcher-mobile-footer",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<select id=\"table-of-contents-switcher-mobile-footer\" data-label=\"toc-menu-mobile\">",
"target": [
"#table-of-contents-switcher-mobile-footer"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "year-switcher-mobile-footer",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<select id=\"year-switcher-mobile-footer\">",
"target": [
"#year-switcher-mobile-footer"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "language-switcher-mobile-footer",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<select id=\"language-switcher-mobile-footer\">",
"target": [
"#language-switcher-mobile-footer"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "httparchive-logo-footer-mobile",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"httparchive-logo-footer-mobile\">HTTP Archive home<\/title>",
"target": [
"#httparchive-logo-footer-mobile"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "twitter-logo-footer-mobile",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"twitter-logo-footer-mobile\">Twitter<\/title>",
"target": [
"#twitter-logo-footer-mobile"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "bluesky-logo-footer-mobile",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"bluesky-logo-footer-mobile\">Bluesky<\/title>",
"target": [
"#bluesky-logo-footer-mobile"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "github-logo-footer-mobile",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"github-logo-footer-mobile\">GitHub<\/title>",
"target": [
"#github-logo-footer-mobile"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "ha-logo-footer",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"ha-logo-footer\">HTTP Archive home<\/title>",
"target": [
"#ha-logo-footer"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "twitter-logo-footer",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"twitter-logo-footer\">Twitter<\/title>",
"target": [
"#twitter-logo-footer"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "bluesky-logo-footer",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"bluesky-logo-footer\">Bluesky<\/title>",
"target": [
"#bluesky-logo-footer"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "github-logo-footer",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"github-logo-footer\">GitHub<\/title>",
"target": [
"#github-logo-footer"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.parsing",
"wcag2a",
"wcag411"
],
"description": "Ensures every id attribute value is unique",
"help": "id attribute value must be unique",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/duplicate-id?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "ha-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"ha-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 432 225\">",
"target": [
"#ha-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "github-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"github-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 32.6 31.8\">",
"target": [
"#github-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "twitter-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"twitter-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 300 271\">\n <path xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" d=\"m236 0h46l-101 115 118 156h-92.6l-72.5-94.8-83 94.8h-46l107-123-113-148h94.9l65.5 86.6zm-16.1 244h25.5l-165-218h-27.4z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path>\n <\/symbol>",
"target": [
"#twitter-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "linkedin-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"linkedin-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 200 200\">",
"target": [
"#linkedin-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "mastodon-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"mastodon-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 61 65\">",
"target": [
"#mastodon-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "bluesky-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"bluesky-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 600 530\">",
"target": [
"#bluesky-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "globe-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"globe-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 30 30\">",
"target": [
"#globe-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "bar-chart-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"bar-chart-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 18 19\">\n <path d=\"M0 9h3v10H0V9zm5-9h3v19H5V0zm5 7h3v12h-3V7zm5-4h3v16h-3V3z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path>\n <\/symbol>",
"target": [
"#bar-chart-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "comment-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"comment-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22.1\">\n <path d=\"M4.4 22.1l8-5.1H22V0H0v17h4.4z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path>\n <\/symbol>",
"target": [
"#comment-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "sql-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"sql-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 14.6\">",
"target": [
"#sql-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "search-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"search-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 13 13\">",
"target": [
"#search-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "share-apple-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
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}
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},
{
"id": "aria-labelledby",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "aria-labelledby attribute exists and references elements that are visible to screen readers"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "focusable-no-name",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element is not in tab order or has accessible text"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/HTTPArchive\/almanac.httparchive.org\" rel=\"me\" aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-footer\">",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-footer\"]"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "list",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.structure",
"wcag2a",
"wcag131"
],
"description": "Ensures that lists are structured correctly",
"help": "<ul> and <ol> must only directly contain <li>, <script> or <template> elements",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/list?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "only-listitems",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List element only has direct children that are allowed inside <li> elements"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<ul>",
"target": [
"#header-page-navigation > ul"
]
},
{
"any": [],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "only-listitems",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List element only has direct children that are allowed inside <li> elements"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<ul>",
"target": [
"#footer-nav-items > ul"
]
},
{
"any": [],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "only-listitems",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List element only has direct children that are allowed inside <li> elements"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<ul class=\"social-media not-mobile\">",
"target": [
".not-mobile.social-media"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "listitem",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.structure",
"wcag2a",
"wcag131"
],
"description": "Ensures <li> elements are used semantically",
"help": "<li> elements must be contained in a <ul> or <ol>",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/listitem?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">Contributors<\/a><\/li>",
"target": [
"#header-page-navigation > ul > li:nth-child(1)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">Methodology<\/a><\/li>",
"target": [
"#header-page-navigation > ul > li:nth-child(2)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li>",
"target": [
"#header-page-navigation > ul > li:nth-child(3)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li>",
"target": [
"#header-page-navigation > ul > li:nth-child(4)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li>",
"target": [
"#header-page-navigation > ul > li:nth-child(5)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li>",
"target": [
"#header-page-navigation > ul > li:nth-child(6)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">Contributors<\/a><\/li>",
"target": [
"#footer-nav-items > ul > li:nth-child(1)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">Methodology<\/a><\/li>",
"target": [
"#footer-nav-items > ul > li:nth-child(2)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li>",
"target": [
"#footer-nav-items > ul > li:nth-child(3)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li>",
"target": [
"#footer-nav-items > ul > li:nth-child(4)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li>",
"target": [
"#footer-nav-items > ul > li:nth-child(5)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li>",
"target": [
"#footer-nav-items > ul > li:nth-child(6)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li>",
"target": [
".not-mobile.social-media > li:nth-child(1)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li>",
"target": [
".not-mobile.social-media > li:nth-child(2)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li>",
"target": [
".not-mobile.social-media > li:nth-child(3)"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "nested-interactive",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.keyboard",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412"
],
"description": "Ensures interactive controls are not nested as they are not always announced by screen readers or can cause focus problems for assistive technologies",
"help": "Interactive controls must not be nested",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/nested-interactive?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn search-button\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n Search\n <\/button>",
"target": [
".header.search-nav.nav-dropdown > .search-button.nav-dropdown-btn[type=\"button\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Table of Contents\">\n Table of Contents\n <\/button>",
"target": [
".table-of-contents.header.nav-dropdown > .nav-dropdown-btn[aria-label=\"Table of Contents\"][type=\"button\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>",
"target": [
".header.nav-dropdown > .nav-dropdown-btn[aria-label=\"Year Switcher\"][type=\"button\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>",
"target": [
".header.nav-dropdown > .nav-dropdown-btn[aria-label=\"Language Switcher\"][type=\"button\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<hr>",
"target": [
"hr:nth-child(2)"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn search-button\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n Search\n <\/button>",
"target": [
".footer.search-nav.nav-dropdown > .search-button.nav-dropdown-btn[type=\"button\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Table of Contents\">\n Table of Contents\n <\/button>",
"target": [
".table-of-contents.footer.nav-dropdown > .nav-dropdown-btn[aria-label=\"Table of Contents\"][type=\"button\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>",
"target": [
".footer.nav-dropdown > .nav-dropdown-btn[aria-label=\"Year Switcher\"][type=\"button\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>",
"target": [
".footer.nav-dropdown > .nav-dropdown-btn[aria-label=\"Language Switcher\"][type=\"button\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"70\" height=\"35\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"ha-logo-footer\">HTTP Archive home<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ha-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"ha-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"70\"][height=\"35\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"twitter-logo-footer\">Twitter<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#twitter-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"20\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"bluesky-logo-footer\">Bluesky<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#bluesky-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"bluesky-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"20\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"22\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"github-logo-footer\">GitHub<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#github-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"22\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "svg-img-alt",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.text-alternatives",
"wcag2a",
"wcag111",
"section508",
"section508.22.a",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensures <svg> elements with an img, graphics-document or graphics-symbol role have an accessible text",
"help": "<svg> elements with an img role must have an alternative text",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/svg-img-alt?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "svg-non-empty-title",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has a child that is a title"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"70\" height=\"35\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"ha-logo-footer\">HTTP Archive home<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ha-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"ha-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"70\"][height=\"35\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "svg-non-empty-title",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has a child that is a title"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"twitter-logo-footer\">Twitter<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#twitter-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"20\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "svg-non-empty-title",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has a child that is a title"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"bluesky-logo-footer\">Bluesky<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#bluesky-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"bluesky-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"20\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "svg-non-empty-title",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has a child that is a title"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"22\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"github-logo-footer\">GitHub<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#github-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"22\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "valid-lang",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.language",
"wcag2aa",
"wcag312"
],
"description": "Ensures lang attributes have valid values",
"help": "lang attribute must have a valid value",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/valid-lang?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "valid-lang",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Value of lang attribute is included in the list of valid languages"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<p lang=\"en\">\n You\u2019re viewing a previous edition of the Web Almanac.\n Check out the <a href=\"\/en\/2024\/\">2024 edition!<\/a>\n<\/p>",
"target": [
"p[lang=\"en\"]"
]
}
]
}
],
"incomplete": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"impact": "serious",
"tags": [
"cat.color",
"wcag2aa",
"wcag143"
],
"description": "Ensures the contrast between foreground and background colors meets WCAG 2 AA contrast ratio thresholds",
"help": "Elements must have sufficient color contrast",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/color-contrast?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "15.6pt (20.8px)",
"fontWeight": "bold",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "3:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<span class=\"wa\">Web Almanac<\/span>",
"target": [
".top-header > .navigation-logo[href=\"\/en\/2022\/\"] > .wa"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"messageKey": "pseudoContent"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<span class=\"line-group\">\n <span class=\"pre\">By<\/span>\n <span class=\"ha\">HTTP Archive<\/span>\n <\/span>",
"target": [
".top-header > .navigation-logo[href=\"\/en\/2022\/\"] > .line-group"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a pseudo element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<span class=\"pre\">By<\/span>",
"target": [
".top-header > .navigation-logo[href=\"\/en\/2022\/\"] > .line-group > .pre"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a pseudo element"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "9.6pt (12.8px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<span class=\"ha\">HTTP Archive<\/span>",
"target": [
".top-header > .navigation-logo[href=\"\/en\/2022\/\"] > .line-group > .ha"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#f2f2f2",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "12.8pt (17px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">Contributors<\/a>",
"target": [
"#header-page-navigation > ul > li:nth-child(1) > a[href$=\"contributors\"]"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
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<\/a>\n <nav id=\"header-page-navigation\" aria-label=\"Page navigation\">\n <ul>\n \n\n<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">Contributors<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">Methodology<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n <li>\n \n \n \n <div class=\"nav-dropdown header search-nav\">\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn search-button\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n Search\n <\/button>\n <ul class=\"nav-dropdown-list align-right hidden header-search\">\n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <form action=\"\/en\/search\">\n <label for=\"header-search-box\" class=\"visually-hidden\">Search<\/label>\n <input id=\"header-search-box\" class=\"search-input\" type=\"search\" name=\"q\" placeholder=\"Search\" title=\"Search\" aria-label=\"Search\">\n <button class=\"search-button\" type=\"submit\">\n <svg width=\"13\" height=\"13\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"header-search-icon\">\n <title id=\"header-search-icon\">Search<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#search-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/button>\n <\/form>\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n \n\n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n\n \n \n\n\n<div class=\"nav-dropdown header table-of-contents\">\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Table of Contents\">\n Table of Contents\n <\/button>\n <ul class=\"nav-dropdown-list hidden header-list\">\n\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part nav-dropdown-list-current\">\n <span>Home<\/span>\n <\/li>\n \n\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents\">Table of Contents<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-1\">Part I. Page Content<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/css\">\n Chapter 1: CSS\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/javascript\">\n Chapter 2: JavaScript\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/markup\">\n Chapter 3: Markup\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/structured-data\">\n Chapter 4: Structured Data\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/fonts\">\n Chapter 5: Fonts\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/media\">\n Chapter 6: Media\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/webassembly\">\n Chapter 7: WebAssembly\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/third-parties\">\n Chapter 8: Third Parties\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/interoperability\">\n Chapter 9: Interoperability\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-2\">Part II. User Experience<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/seo\">\n Chapter 10: SEO\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/accessibility\">\n Chapter 11: Accessibility\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/performance\">\n Chapter 12: Performance\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/privacy\">\n Chapter 13: Privacy\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/security\">\n Chapter 14: Security\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/mobile-web\">\n Chapter 15: Mobile Web\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/capabilities\">\n Chapter 16: Capabilities\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/pwa\">\n Chapter 17: PWA\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-3\">Part III. Content Publishing<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/cms\">\n Chapter 18: CMS\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/jamstack\">\n Chapter 19: Jamstack\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/sustainability\">\n Chapter 20: Sustainability\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-4\">Part IV. Content Distribution<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/page-weight\">\n Chapter 21: Page Weight\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/cdn\">\n Chapter 22: CDN\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/http\">\n Chapter 23: HTTP\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n\n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#appendices\">Appendices<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">Methodology<\/a>\n \n <\/li>\n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">Contributors<\/a>\n \n <\/li>\n \n\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/search\">Search<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#ebook\">Ebook<\/a>\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter ebook\">\n <a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.httparchive.org\/almanac\/ebooks\/web_almanac_2022_en.pdf\" data-event=\"ebook-click\" data-label=\"toc-menu\">Ebook PDF (23MB)<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n \n\n\n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n \n \n \n \n <div class=\"nav-dropdown header\">\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>\n <ul class=\"nav-dropdown-list hidden header-list\">\n \n \n \n \n <li>\n <a href=\"\/en\/2024\/\">2024<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <li>\n <a href=\"\/en\/2021\/\">2021<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <li>\n <a href=\"\/en\/2020\/\">2020<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <li>\n <a href=\"\/en\/2019\/\">2019<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n \n \n \n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n \n \n <div class=\"nav-dropdown header\">\n <button type=\"button\" 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value=\"\/en\/2022\/\">Home<\/option>\n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents\">Table of Contents<\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/css\">\n Chapter 1: CSS\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/javascript\">\n Chapter 2: JavaScript\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/markup\">\n Chapter 3: Markup\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/structured-data\">\n Chapter 4: Structured Data\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/fonts\">\n Chapter 5: Fonts\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/media\">\n Chapter 6: Media\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/webassembly\">\n Chapter 7: WebAssembly\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/third-parties\">\n Chapter 8: Third Parties\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/interoperability\">\n Chapter 9: Interoperability\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/seo\">\n Chapter 10: SEO\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/accessibility\">\n Chapter 11: Accessibility\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/performance\">\n Chapter 12: Performance\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/privacy\">\n Chapter 13: Privacy\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/security\">\n Chapter 14: Security\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/mobile-web\">\n Chapter 15: Mobile Web\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/capabilities\">\n Chapter 16: Capabilities\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/pwa\">\n Chapter 17: PWA\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/cms\">\n Chapter 18: CMS\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/jamstack\">\n Chapter 19: Jamstack\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/sustainability\">\n Chapter 20: Sustainability\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/page-weight\">\n Chapter 21: Page Weight\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/cdn\">\n Chapter 22: CDN\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/http\">\n Chapter 23: HTTP\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">\n Methodology\n <\/option>\n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">\n Contributors\n <\/option>\n \n\n \n <option value=\"\/en\/search\">\n Search\n <\/option>\n \n\n \n <option value=\"https:\/\/cdn.httparchive.org\/almanac\/ebooks\/web_almanac_2022_en.pdf\" data-event=\"ebook-click\">\n Ebook PDF (23MB)\n <\/option>\n \n <\/select>\n<\/div>\n\n \n\n\n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n \n \n \n \n <div class=\"year-switcher js-show\">\n <label for=\"year-switcher-mobile\" class=\"visually-hidden\">Year Switcher<\/label>\n <select id=\"year-switcher-mobile\">\n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2024\/\">\n 2024\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n <option selected=\"selected\" value=\"\/en\/2022\/\">\n 2022\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2021\/\">\n 2021\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2020\/\">\n 2020\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2019\/\">\n 2019\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <\/select>\n <\/div>\n\n \n \n \n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n \n \n <div class=\"language-switcher js-show\">\n <label for=\"language-switcher-mobile\" class=\"visually-hidden\">Language Switcher<\/label>\n <select id=\"language-switcher-mobile\">\n \n \n <option selected=\"selected\" lang=\"en\" value=\"\/en\/2022\/\">\n English\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"es\" value=\"\/es\/2022\/\">\n Espa\u00f1ol\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"fr\" value=\"\/fr\/2022\/\">\n Fran\u00e7ais\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"it\" value=\"\/it\/2022\/\">\n Italiano\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"nl\" value=\"\/nl\/2022\/\">\n Nederlands\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"pt\" value=\"\/pt\/2022\/\">\n Portugu\u00eas\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"tr\" value=\"\/tr\/2022\/\">\n T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"ru\" value=\"\/ru\/2022\/\">\n \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"uk\" value=\"\/uk\/2022\/\">\n \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"hi\" value=\"\/hi\/2022\/\">\n \u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0940\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"ja\" value=\"\/ja\/2022\/\">\n \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"zh-CN\" value=\"\/zh-CN\/2022\/\">\n \u7b80\u4f53\u4e2d\u6587\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"zh-TW\" value=\"\/zh-TW\/2022\/\">\n \u7e41\u9ad4\u4e2d\u6587\n <\/option>\n \n \n <hr>\n <option value=\"https:\/\/github.com\/HTTPArchive\/almanac.httparchive.org\/wiki\/Translators'-Guide\">\n Help translate\n <\/option>\n <\/select>\n <\/div>\n\n \n\n <\/li>\n <li id=\"mobile-misc\" class=\"misc\">\n <ul class=\"misc\">\n <li>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/httparchive.org\/\" aria-labelledby=\"ha-logo-mobile\">\n <svg width=\"70\" height=\"35\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"ha-logo-mobile\">HTTP Archive home<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ha-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/a>\n <\/li>\n <li>\n <ul class=\"social-media\">\n <li>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/HTTPArchive\" aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-mobile\">\n <svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"twitter-logo-mobile\">Twitter<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#twitter-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/a>\n <\/li>\n <li>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/bsky.app\/profile\/httparchive.org\" aria-labelledby=\"bluesky-logo-mobile\">\n <svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"bluesky-logo-mobile\">Bluesky<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#bluesky-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/a>\n <\/li>\n <li>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/HTTPArchive\/almanac.httparchive.org\" aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-mobile\">\n <svg width=\"22\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"github-logo-mobile\">GitHub<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#github-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/a>\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/nav>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/header>\n <script nonce=\"\">\n \/\/ If JS is enabled then enable menus ASAP to avoid CLS as menu items change from links to buttons\n (function() {\n document.querySelectorAll('.js-hide').forEach(element => {\n \/\/ Don't just hide it - delete it completely to avoid any specifity issues\n element.parentNode.removeChild(element);\n });\n document.querySelectorAll('.js-enable').forEach(element => {\n element.classList.remove('js-enable');\n element.classList.remove('hidden');\n element.disabled = false;\n element.hidden = false;\n });\n })();\n <\/script>\n \n\n \n<main id=\"maincontent\">\n <section id=\"intro\" class=\"intro-container\">\n <div class=\"intro\">\n <div class=\"intro-year\">2022<\/div>\n <h1 class=\"title title-lg title-alt\">Web Almanac<\/h1>\n <h2>HTTP Archive\u2019s annual<br> <b>state of the web<\/b> report<\/h2>\n \n \n<p>\nOur mission is to combine the raw stats and trends of the HTTP Archive with the expertise of the web community. The Web Almanac is a comprehensive report on the state of the web, backed by real data and trusted web experts. The 2022 edition is comprised of 23 chapters spanning aspects of page content, user experience, publishing, and distribution.\n<\/p>\n\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents\" class=\"btn\">\n Start exploring\n <\/a>\n \n <\/div>\n <div class=\"intro-image-wrapper\">\n \n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 56 16\">\n <text x=\"9\" y=\"15\">2022<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n \n <img src=\"\/static\/images\/home-hero.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"820\" height=\"562\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n <section id=\"featured-chapter\" class=\"featured-chapter\">\n <div class=\"featured-chapter-content\">\n \n <h2 class=\"title title-center\">Featured Chapter<\/h2>\n \n <h3>HTTP<\/h3>\n \n <blockquote>\n This past year was an eventful year for the HTTP protocol especially with HTTP\/3 being standardized. We continue to observe high HTTP\/2 utilization and see a strong upcoming HTTP\/3 support from web servers.\n <\/blockquote>\n <div class=\"featured-chapter-content-data\">\n \n <div class=\"featured-chapter-content-data-item\">\n <div class=\"no-wrap\">77%<\/div>\n <div>Requests served on HTTP\/2 or above<\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n \n <div class=\"featured-chapter-content-data-item\">\n <div class=\"no-wrap\">1.5%<\/div>\n <div>Websites adopting 103 Early Hints<\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n \n <div class=\"featured-chapter-content-data-item\">\n <div class=\"no-wrap\">50%<\/div>\n <div>Increase in requests that have HTTP\/3 support<\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n <\/div>\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/http\" class=\"btn\">\n Read the <span class=\"featured-chapter-name\">HTTP<\/span> chapter\n <\/a>\n \n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n \n \n \n \n \n <section id=\"contributors\" class=\"contributors-container alt-bg\">\n <div class=\"container\">\n <div class=\"contributors\">\n <h2 class=\"title title-alt\">Contributors<\/h2>\n <p>\nThe Web Almanac has been made possible by the hard work of the web community. 116 people have volunteered countless hours in the planning, research, writing and production phases of the 2022 Web Almanac.\n<\/p>\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\" class=\"alt btn\">\n See the contributors\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"people\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n <div class=\"people-number\">116<\/div>\n <img id=\"character-markup\" class=\"character\" src=\"\/static\/images\/character-markup.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"154\" height=\"252\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <img id=\"character-star\" class=\"character\" src=\"\/static\/images\/character-star.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"245\" height=\"254\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <img id=\"character-hat\" class=\"character\" src=\"\/static\/images\/character-hat.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"186\" height=\"207\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n <section id=\"methodology\" class=\"methodology-container\">\n <div class=\"methodology\">\n <h2 class=\"title title-center\">Methodology<\/h2>\n <div class=\"methodology-data\">\n <div class=\"websites-tested\">\n <div>\n Websites Tested\n <\/div>\n <div>\n 8.36M\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"data-processed\">\n <div>\n Data Processed\n <\/div>\n <div>\n 43.88 TB\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <p class=\"methodology-info\">\n \nUnless otherwise noted, the metrics in all of the 23 chapters of the 2022 Web Almanac are sourced from the HTTP Archive dataset. HTTP Archive is a community-run project that has been tracking how the web is built since 2010. Using WebPageTest and Lighthouse under the hood, metadata about nearly 8.4 million websites are tested monthly and included in a public BigQuery database for analysis. The June 2022 dataset was used as the basis for the 2022 Web Almanac\u2019s metrics. For more information, see the Methodology page.\n\n <\/p>\n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\" class=\"alt btn\">\n Learn about our Methodology\n <\/a>\n \n <img class=\"methodology-characters\" src=\"\/static\/images\/methodology-characters.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"984\" height=\"354\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n \n<\/main>\n\n\n \n <footer id=\"footer\" class=\"alt-bg\">\n <div class=\"container\">\n <div class=\"home-logo\">\n <a class=\"navigation-logo\" href=\"\/en\/2022\/\">\n \n <span class=\"wa\">Web Almanac<\/span>\n <span class=\"line-group\">\n <span class=\"pre\">By<\/span>\n <span class=\"ha\">HTTP Archive<\/span>\n <\/span>\n\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n <hr>\n <nav id=\"footer-nav-items\" aria-label=\"Footer navigation\" class=\"nav-items\">\n <ul>\n \n\n<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">Contributors<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">Methodology<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n <li>\n \n \n \n <div class=\"nav-dropdown footer search-nav\">\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn search-button\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n Search\n <\/button>\n <ul class=\"nav-dropdown-list align-right hidden footer-search\">\n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <form action=\"\/en\/search\">\n <label for=\"footer-search-box\" class=\"visually-hidden\">Search<\/label>\n <input id=\"footer-search-box\" class=\"search-input\" type=\"search\" name=\"q\" placeholder=\"Search\" title=\"Search\" aria-label=\"Search\">\n <button class=\"search-button\" type=\"submit\">\n <svg width=\"13\" height=\"13\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"footer-search-icon\">\n <title id=\"footer-search-icon\">Search<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#search-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/button>\n <\/form>\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n \n\n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n\n \n \n\n\n<div class=\"nav-dropdown footer table-of-contents\">\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Table of Contents\">\n Table of Contents\n <\/button>\n <ul class=\"nav-dropdown-list hidden footer-list\">\n\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part nav-dropdown-list-current\">\n <span>Home<\/span>\n <\/li>\n \n\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents\">Table of Contents<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-1\">Part I. Page Content<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/css\">\n Chapter 1: CSS\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/javascript\">\n Chapter 2: JavaScript\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/markup\">\n Chapter 3: Markup\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/structured-data\">\n Chapter 4: Structured Data\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/fonts\">\n Chapter 5: Fonts\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/media\">\n Chapter 6: Media\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/webassembly\">\n Chapter 7: WebAssembly\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/third-parties\">\n Chapter 8: Third Parties\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/interoperability\">\n Chapter 9: Interoperability\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-2\">Part II. User Experience<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/seo\">\n Chapter 10: SEO\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/accessibility\">\n Chapter 11: Accessibility\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/performance\">\n Chapter 12: Performance\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/privacy\">\n Chapter 13: Privacy\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/security\">\n Chapter 14: Security\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/mobile-web\">\n Chapter 15: Mobile Web\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/capabilities\">\n Chapter 16: Capabilities\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/pwa\">\n Chapter 17: PWA\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-3\">Part III. Content Publishing<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/cms\">\n Chapter 18: CMS\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/jamstack\">\n Chapter 19: Jamstack\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/sustainability\">\n Chapter 20: Sustainability\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-4\">Part IV. Content Distribution<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/page-weight\">\n Chapter 21: Page Weight\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/cdn\">\n Chapter 22: CDN\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/http\">\n Chapter 23: HTTP\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n\n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#appendices\">Appendices<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">Methodology<\/a>\n \n <\/li>\n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">Contributors<\/a>\n \n <\/li>\n \n\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/search\">Search<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#ebook\">Ebook<\/a>\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter ebook\">\n <a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.httparchive.org\/almanac\/ebooks\/web_almanac_2022_en.pdf\" data-event=\"ebook-click\" data-label=\"toc-menu\">Ebook PDF (23MB)<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n \n\n\n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n \n \n \n \n <div class=\"nav-dropdown footer\">\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>\n <ul class=\"nav-dropdown-list hidden footer-list\">\n \n \n \n \n <li>\n <a href=\"\/en\/2024\/\">2024<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <li>\n <a href=\"\/en\/2021\/\">2021<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <li>\n <a href=\"\/en\/2020\/\">2020<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <li>\n <a href=\"\/en\/2019\/\">2019<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n \n \n \n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n \n \n <div class=\"nav-dropdown footer\">\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>\n <ul class=\"nav-dropdown-list hidden footer-list\">\n \n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"es\" href=\"\/es\/2022\/\">Espa\u00f1ol<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"fr\" href=\"\/fr\/2022\/\">Fran\u00e7ais<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"it\" href=\"\/it\/2022\/\">Italiano<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"nl\" href=\"\/nl\/2022\/\">Nederlands<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"pt\" href=\"\/pt\/2022\/\">Portugu\u00eas<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"tr\" href=\"\/tr\/2022\/\">T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"ru\" href=\"\/ru\/2022\/\">\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"uk\" href=\"\/uk\/2022\/\">\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"hi\" href=\"\/hi\/2022\/\">\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0940<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"ja\" href=\"\/ja\/2022\/\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"zh-CN\" href=\"\/zh-CN\/2022\/\">\u7b80\u4f53\u4e2d\u6587<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"zh-TW\" href=\"\/zh-TW\/2022\/\">\u7e41\u9ad4\u4e2d\u6587<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a class=\"help-translate\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/HTTPArchive\/almanac.httparchive.org\/wiki\/Translators'-Guide\"><em>Help translate<\/em><\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n \n\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/nav>\n <nav id=\"mobile-footer-nav-items\" aria-label=\"Footer navigation\" class=\"nav-items\">\n <ul>\n \n\n<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">Contributors<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">Methodology<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n <li>\n \n \n <form class=\"search-nav\" action=\"\/en\/search\">\n <label for=\"mobile-footer-search-box\" class=\"visually-hidden\">Search<\/label>\n <input id=\"mobile-footer-search-box\" class=\"search-input\" type=\"search\" name=\"q\" placeholder=\"Search\" title=\"Search\" aria-label=\"Search\">\n <button class=\"search-button\" type=\"submit\">\n <svg width=\"13\" height=\"13\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"mobile-footer-search-icon\">\n <title id=\"mobile-footer-search-icon\">Search<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#search-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/button>\n <\/form>\n \n\n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n\n \n \n\n\n<div class=\"table-of-contents-switcher\">\n <label for=\"table-of-contents-switcher-mobile-footer\" class=\"visually-hidden\">\n Table of Contents Switcher\n <\/label>\n <select id=\"table-of-contents-switcher-mobile-footer\" data-label=\"toc-menu-mobile\">\n \n <option selected=\"\" disabled=\"\" value=\"\/en\/2022\/\">Home<\/option>\n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents\">Table of Contents<\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/css\">\n Chapter 1: CSS\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/javascript\">\n Chapter 2: JavaScript\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/markup\">\n Chapter 3: Markup\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/structured-data\">\n Chapter 4: Structured Data\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/fonts\">\n Chapter 5: Fonts\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/media\">\n Chapter 6: Media\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/webassembly\">\n Chapter 7: WebAssembly\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/third-parties\">\n Chapter 8: Third Parties\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/interoperability\">\n Chapter 9: Interoperability\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/seo\">\n Chapter 10: SEO\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/accessibility\">\n Chapter 11: Accessibility\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/performance\">\n Chapter 12: Performance\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/privacy\">\n Chapter 13: Privacy\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/security\">\n Chapter 14: Security\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/mobile-web\">\n Chapter 15: Mobile Web\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/capabilities\">\n Chapter 16: Capabilities\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/pwa\">\n Chapter 17: PWA\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/cms\">\n Chapter 18: CMS\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/jamstack\">\n Chapter 19: Jamstack\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/sustainability\">\n Chapter 20: Sustainability\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/page-weight\">\n Chapter 21: Page Weight\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/cdn\">\n Chapter 22: CDN\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/http\">\n Chapter 23: HTTP\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">\n Methodology\n <\/option>\n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">\n Contributors\n <\/option>\n \n\n \n <option value=\"\/en\/search\">\n Search\n <\/option>\n \n\n \n <option value=\"https:\/\/cdn.httparchive.org\/almanac\/ebooks\/web_almanac_2022_en.pdf\" data-event=\"ebook-click\">\n Ebook PDF (23MB)\n <\/option>\n \n <\/select>\n<\/div>\n\n \n\n\n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n \n \n \n \n <div class=\"year-switcher js-show\">\n <label for=\"year-switcher-mobile-footer\" class=\"visually-hidden\">Year Switcher<\/label>\n <select id=\"year-switcher-mobile-footer\">\n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2024\/\">\n 2024\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n <option 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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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]
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".language-switcher::after",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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".language-switcher option",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"th",
"code",
"li"
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{
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{
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"hr"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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},
{
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"footer ul"
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{
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]
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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},
{
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},
{
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{
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},
{
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]
},
{
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},
{
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{
"type": "declaration",
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]
},
{
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".top-header",
"footer"
],
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{
"type": "declaration",
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"value": "relative"
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{
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{
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{
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"footer nav:first-of-type",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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]
},
{
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".search-nav input"
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]
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{
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]
},
{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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],
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{
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{
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"value": "center"
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]
},
{
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{
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{
"type": "declaration",
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{
"type": "declaration",
"property": "align-items",
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]
},
{
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"footer .nav-items ul li > *"
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{
"type": "declaration",
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{
"type": "declaration",
"property": "font-size",
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{
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},
{
"type": "rule",
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"footer hr"
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{
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]
},
{
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{
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]
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]
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{
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".visually-hidden"
],
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{
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"id": "aria-prohibited-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "ARIA attribute is allowed"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>",
"target": [
".footer.nav-dropdown > .nav-dropdown-btn[aria-label=\"Language Switcher\"][type=\"button\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-allowed-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attributes are used correctly for the defined role"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "aria-unsupported-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute is supported"
},
{
"id": "aria-prohibited-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "ARIA attribute is allowed"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a class=\"ha-logo not-mobile\" href=\"https:\/\/httparchive.org\/\" aria-labelledby=\"ha-logo-footer\">",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"ha-logo-footer\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-allowed-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attributes are used correctly for the defined role"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "aria-unsupported-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute is supported"
},
{
"id": "aria-prohibited-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "ARIA attribute is allowed"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/HTTPArchive\" aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-footer\">",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-footer\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-allowed-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attributes are used correctly for the defined role"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "aria-unsupported-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute is supported"
},
{
"id": "aria-prohibited-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "ARIA attribute is allowed"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"https:\/\/bsky.app\/profile\/httparchive.org\" aria-labelledby=\"bluesky-logo-footer\">",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"bluesky-logo-footer\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-allowed-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attributes are used correctly for the defined role"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "aria-unsupported-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute is supported"
},
{
"id": "aria-prohibited-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "ARIA attribute is allowed"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/HTTPArchive\/almanac.httparchive.org\" rel=\"me\" aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-footer\">",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-footer\"]"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "aria-hidden-body",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.aria",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412"
],
"description": "Ensures aria-hidden='true' is not present on the document body.",
"help": "aria-hidden='true' must not be present on the document body",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/aria-hidden-body?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-hidden-body",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "No aria-hidden attribute is present on document body"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<body class=\"year-2022\">",
"target": [
"body"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "aria-hidden-focus",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.name-role-value",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412",
"wcag131"
],
"description": "Ensures aria-hidden elements do not contain focusable elements",
"help": "ARIA hidden element must not contain focusable elements",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/aria-hidden-focus?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [],
"all": [
{
"id": "focusable-modal-open",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "No focusable elements while a modal is open"
},
{
"id": "focusable-disabled",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "No focusable elements contained within element"
},
{
"id": "focusable-not-tabbable",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "No focusable elements contained within element"
}
],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<div class=\"people\" aria-hidden=\"true\">",
"target": [
".people"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "aria-required-attr",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.aria",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412"
],
"description": "Ensures elements with ARIA roles have all required ARIA attributes",
"help": "Required ARIA attributes must be provided",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/aria-required-attr?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-required-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "All required ARIA attributes are present"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"70\" height=\"35\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"ha-logo-footer\">HTTP Archive home<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ha-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"ha-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"70\"][height=\"35\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-required-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "All required ARIA attributes are present"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"twitter-logo-footer\">Twitter<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#twitter-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"20\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-required-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "All required ARIA attributes are present"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"bluesky-logo-footer\">Bluesky<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#bluesky-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"bluesky-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"20\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-required-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "All required ARIA attributes are present"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"22\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"github-logo-footer\">GitHub<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#github-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"22\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "aria-roles",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.aria",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412"
],
"description": "Ensures all elements with a role attribute use a valid value",
"help": "ARIA roles used must conform to valid values",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/aria-roles?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "fallbackrole",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Only one role value used"
},
{
"id": "invalidrole",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA role is valid"
},
{
"id": "abstractrole",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Abstract roles are not used"
},
{
"id": "unsupportedrole",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA role is supported"
},
{
"id": "deprecatedrole",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "ARIA role is not deprecated"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"70\" height=\"35\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"ha-logo-footer\">HTTP Archive home<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ha-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "fallbackrole",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Only one role value used"
},
{
"id": "invalidrole",
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"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA role is valid"
},
{
"id": "abstractrole",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Abstract roles are not used"
},
{
"id": "unsupportedrole",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
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},
{
"id": "deprecatedrole",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "ARIA role is not deprecated"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"twitter-logo-footer\">Twitter<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#twitter-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [],
"all": [],
"none": [
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"id": "fallbackrole",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Only one role value used"
},
{
"id": "invalidrole",
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"impact": "critical",
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},
{
"id": "abstractrole",
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"impact": "serious",
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},
{
"id": "unsupportedrole",
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"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
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},
{
"id": "deprecatedrole",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "ARIA role is not deprecated"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"bluesky-logo-footer\">Bluesky<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#bluesky-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
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},
{
"any": [],
"all": [],
"none": [
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"id": "fallbackrole",
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},
{
"id": "invalidrole",
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"impact": "critical",
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},
{
"id": "abstractrole",
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"impact": "serious",
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},
{
"id": "unsupportedrole",
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"impact": "critical",
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},
{
"id": "deprecatedrole",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
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}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"22\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"github-logo-footer\">GitHub<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#github-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
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]
}
]
},
{
"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
"impact": null,
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"wcag412"
],
"description": "Ensures all ARIA attributes have valid values",
"help": "ARIA attributes must conform to valid values",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/aria-valid-attr-value?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
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"any": [],
"all": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
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"impact": "critical",
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},
{
"id": "aria-errormessage",
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},
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"id": "aria-level",
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"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "aria-level values are valid"
}
],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<nav id=\"header-page-navigation\" aria-label=\"Page navigation\">",
"target": [
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},
{
"any": [],
"all": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
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"impact": "critical",
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},
{
"id": "aria-errormessage",
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"impact": "critical",
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},
{
"id": "aria-level",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "aria-level values are valid"
}
],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn search-button\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n Search\n <\/button>",
"target": [
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},
{
"any": [],
"all": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
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"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
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},
{
"id": "aria-errormessage",
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"impact": "critical",
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},
{
"id": "aria-level",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "aria-level values are valid"
}
],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Table of Contents\">\n Table of Contents\n <\/button>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [],
"all": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
"data": null,
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"impact": "critical",
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{
"id": "aria-errormessage",
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},
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"id": "aria-level",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "aria-level values are valid"
}
],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [],
"all": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
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},
{
"id": "aria-errormessage",
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"impact": "critical",
"message": "aria-errormessage exists and references elements visible to screen readers that use a supported aria-errormessage technique"
},
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"id": "aria-level",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "aria-level values are valid"
}
],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [],
"all": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
"data": null,
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"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute values are valid"
},
{
"id": "aria-errormessage",
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},
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"id": "aria-level",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "aria-level values are valid"
}
],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<nav id=\"footer-nav-items\" aria-label=\"Footer navigation\" class=\"nav-items\">",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [],
"all": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
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"impact": "critical",
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},
{
"id": "aria-errormessage",
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},
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"id": "aria-level",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
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}
],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn search-button\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n Search\n <\/button>",
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},
{
"any": [],
"all": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
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],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Table of Contents\">\n Table of Contents\n <\/button>",
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},
{
"any": [],
"all": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
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"id": "aria-errormessage",
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],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>",
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},
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"any": [],
"all": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
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"impact": "critical",
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"id": "aria-errormessage",
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"id": "aria-level",
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"impact": "serious",
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}
],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [],
"all": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
"data": null,
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"impact": "critical",
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},
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"id": "aria-errormessage",
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"id": "aria-level",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "aria-level values are valid"
}
],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a class=\"ha-logo not-mobile\" href=\"https:\/\/httparchive.org\/\" aria-labelledby=\"ha-logo-footer\">",
"target": [
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},
{
"any": [],
"all": [
{
"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
"data": null,
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"id": "aria-errormessage",
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"id": "aria-level",
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"impact": "serious",
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],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/HTTPArchive\" aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-footer\">",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [],
"all": [
{
"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
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},
{
"id": "aria-errormessage",
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},
{
"id": "aria-level",
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}
],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
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},
{
"any": [],
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{
"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
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},
{
"id": "aria-errormessage",
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},
{
"id": "aria-level",
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],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/HTTPArchive\/almanac.httparchive.org\" rel=\"me\" aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-footer\">",
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{
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"any": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr",
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],
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"impact": null,
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},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-valid-attr",
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],
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"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn search-button\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n Search\n <\/button>",
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},
{
"any": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr",
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"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Table of Contents\">\n Table of Contents\n <\/button>",
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},
{
"any": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
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}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>",
"target": [
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},
{
"any": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute name is valid"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-valid-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
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}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<nav id=\"footer-nav-items\" aria-label=\"Footer navigation\" class=\"nav-items\">",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-valid-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute name is valid"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn search-button\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n Search\n <\/button>",
"target": [
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},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-valid-attr",
"data": null,
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"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute name is valid"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Table of Contents\">\n Table of Contents\n <\/button>",
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]
},
{
"any": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute name is valid"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute name is valid"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr",
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"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute name is valid"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a class=\"ha-logo not-mobile\" href=\"https:\/\/httparchive.org\/\" aria-labelledby=\"ha-logo-footer\">",
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},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-valid-attr",
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"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute name is valid"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/HTTPArchive\" aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-footer\">",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-footer\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-valid-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
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],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"https:\/\/bsky.app\/profile\/httparchive.org\" aria-labelledby=\"bluesky-logo-footer\">",
"target": [
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},
{
"any": [
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"id": "aria-valid-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute name is valid"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/HTTPArchive\/almanac.httparchive.org\" rel=\"me\" aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-footer\">",
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}
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],
"all": [],
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"impact": null,
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"any": [
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"id": "button-has-visible-text",
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"id": "aria-label",
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"any": [
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"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>",
"target": [
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},
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"any": [
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"all": [],
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"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>",
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"impact": "critical",
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"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn search-button\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n Search\n <\/button>",
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"impact": null,
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"any": [
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"id": "aria-label",
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"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>",
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"any": [
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"impact": null,
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>",
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}
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{
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{
"id": "landmark",
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}
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"html": "<html lang=\"en\">",
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}
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"id": "color-contrast",
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"all": [],
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},
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"any": [
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"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
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},
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"any": [
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"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of ${data.contrastRatio}"
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],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<select id=\"table-of-contents-switcher-mobile\" data-label=\"toc-menu-mobile\">",
"target": [
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},
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"any": [
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"impact": "serious",
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],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<select id=\"year-switcher-mobile\">",
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},
{
"any": [
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],
"all": [],
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"impact": null,
"html": "<select id=\"language-switcher-mobile\">",
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},
{
"any": [
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"relatedNodes": [],
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"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents\" class=\"btn\">\n Start exploring\n <\/a>",
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},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
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}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<div class=\"no-wrap\">77%<\/div>",
"target": [
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},
{
"any": [
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},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
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}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<div>Requests served on HTTP\/2 or above<\/div>",
"target": [
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},
{
"any": [
{
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},
"relatedNodes": [],
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],
"all": [],
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"impact": null,
"html": "<div class=\"no-wrap\">1.5%<\/div>",
"target": [
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},
{
"any": [
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"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
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],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<div>Websites adopting 103 Early Hints<\/div>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
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"fontWeight": "bold",
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},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of 14.13"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<div class=\"no-wrap\">50%<\/div>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
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"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
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"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<div>Increase in requests that have HTTP\/3 support<\/div>",
"target": [
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},
{
"any": [
{
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"impact": null,
"html": "<select id=\"year-switcher-mobile-footer\">",
"target": [
"#year-switcher-mobile-footer"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "language-switcher-mobile-footer",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<select id=\"language-switcher-mobile-footer\">",
"target": [
"#language-switcher-mobile-footer"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "httparchive-logo-footer-mobile",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"httparchive-logo-footer-mobile\">HTTP Archive home<\/title>",
"target": [
"#httparchive-logo-footer-mobile"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "twitter-logo-footer-mobile",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"twitter-logo-footer-mobile\">Twitter<\/title>",
"target": [
"#twitter-logo-footer-mobile"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "bluesky-logo-footer-mobile",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"bluesky-logo-footer-mobile\">Bluesky<\/title>",
"target": [
"#bluesky-logo-footer-mobile"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "github-logo-footer-mobile",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"github-logo-footer-mobile\">GitHub<\/title>",
"target": [
"#github-logo-footer-mobile"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "ha-logo-footer",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"ha-logo-footer\">HTTP Archive home<\/title>",
"target": [
"#ha-logo-footer"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "twitter-logo-footer",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"twitter-logo-footer\">Twitter<\/title>",
"target": [
"#twitter-logo-footer"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "bluesky-logo-footer",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"bluesky-logo-footer\">Bluesky<\/title>",
"target": [
"#bluesky-logo-footer"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"data": "github-logo-footer",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<title id=\"github-logo-footer\">GitHub<\/title>",
"target": [
"#github-logo-footer"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.parsing",
"wcag2a",
"wcag411"
],
"description": "Ensures every id attribute value is unique",
"help": "id attribute value must be unique",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/duplicate-id?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "ha-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"ha-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 432 225\">",
"target": [
"#ha-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "github-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"github-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 32.6 31.8\">",
"target": [
"#github-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "twitter-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"twitter-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 300 271\">\n <path xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" d=\"m236 0h46l-101 115 118 156h-92.6l-72.5-94.8-83 94.8h-46l107-123-113-148h94.9l65.5 86.6zm-16.1 244h25.5l-165-218h-27.4z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path>\n <\/symbol>",
"target": [
"#twitter-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "linkedin-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"linkedin-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 200 200\">",
"target": [
"#linkedin-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "mastodon-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"mastodon-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 61 65\">",
"target": [
"#mastodon-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "bluesky-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"bluesky-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 600 530\">",
"target": [
"#bluesky-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "globe-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"globe-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 30 30\">",
"target": [
"#globe-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "bar-chart-logo",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"bar-chart-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 18 19\">\n <path d=\"M0 9h3v10H0V9zm5-9h3v19H5V0zm5 7h3v12h-3V7zm5-4h3v16h-3V3z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path>\n <\/symbol>",
"target": [
"#bar-chart-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "comment-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"comment-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22.1\">\n <path d=\"M4.4 22.1l8-5.1H22V0H0v17h4.4z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path>\n <\/symbol>",
"target": [
"#comment-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "sql-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"sql-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 14.6\">",
"target": [
"#sql-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "search-logo",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"search-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 13 13\">",
"target": [
"#search-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "share-apple-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"share-apple-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\">",
"target": [
"#share-apple-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "share-android-logo",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<symbol id=\"share-android-logo\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\">",
"target": [
"#share-android-logo"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "skiptocontent",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<div id=\"skiptocontent\"><a href=\"#maincontent\">Skip navigation<\/a><\/div>",
"target": [
"#skiptocontent"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "header",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<nav id=\"header-page-navigation\" aria-label=\"Page navigation\">",
"target": [
"#header-page-navigation"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "menu",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<nav id=\"menu\" aria-labelledby=\"menu-btn\">",
"target": [
"#menu"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "mobile-misc",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li id=\"mobile-misc\" class=\"misc\">",
"target": [
"#mobile-misc"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<main id=\"maincontent\">",
"target": [
"#maincontent"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "intro",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<section id=\"intro\" class=\"intro-container\">",
"target": [
"#intro"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "featured-chapter",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<section id=\"featured-chapter\" class=\"featured-chapter\">",
"target": [
"#featured-chapter"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "contributors",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<section id=\"contributors\" class=\"contributors-container alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#contributors"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "character-markup",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<img id=\"character-markup\" class=\"character\" src=\"\/static\/images\/character-markup.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"154\" height=\"252\" loading=\"lazy\">",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "character-star",
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"impact": "minor",
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}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<img id=\"character-star\" class=\"character\" src=\"\/static\/images\/character-star.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"245\" height=\"254\" loading=\"lazy\">",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "character-hat",
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"impact": "minor",
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}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<img id=\"character-hat\" class=\"character\" src=\"\/static\/images\/character-hat.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"186\" height=\"207\" loading=\"lazy\">",
"target": [
"#character-hat"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "methodology",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<section id=\"methodology\" class=\"methodology-container\">",
"target": [
"#methodology"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "footer",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<footer id=\"footer\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#footer"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "footer-nav-items",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<nav id=\"footer-nav-items\" aria-label=\"Footer navigation\" class=\"nav-items\">",
"target": [
"#footer-nav-items"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "mobile-footer-nav-items",
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
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}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<nav id=\"mobile-footer-nav-items\" aria-label=\"Footer navigation\" class=\"nav-items\">",
"target": [
"#mobile-footer-nav-items"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "duplicate-id",
"data": "footer-mobile-social-media",
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"impact": "minor",
"message": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<div id=\"footer-mobile-social-media\" class=\"mobile-ha-social-media\">",
"target": [
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]
}
]
},
{
"id": "html-has-lang",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
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"wcag2a",
"wcag311",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensures every HTML document has a lang attribute",
"help": "<html> element must have a lang attribute",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/html-has-lang?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "has-lang",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "The <html> element has a lang attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<html lang=\"en\">",
"target": [
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]
}
]
},
{
"id": "html-lang-valid",
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"tags": [
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"wcag2a",
"wcag311",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensures the lang attribute of the <html> element has a valid value",
"help": "<html> element must have a valid value for the lang attribute",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/html-lang-valid?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "valid-lang",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Value of lang attribute is included in the list of valid languages"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<html lang=\"en\">",
"target": [
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]
}
]
},
{
"id": "image-alt",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
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"wcag2a",
"wcag111",
"section508",
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],
"description": "Ensures <img> elements have alternate text or a role of none or presentation",
"help": "Images must have alternate text",
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"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "has-alt",
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"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
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},
{
"id": "presentational-role",
"data": {
"role": "presentation"
},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
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}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "alt-space-value",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Element has a valid alt attribute value"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<img src=\"\/static\/images\/home-hero.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"820\" height=\"562\" fetchpriority=\"high\">",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "has-alt",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Element has an alt attribute"
},
{
"id": "presentational-role",
"data": {
"role": "presentation"
},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Element's default semantics were overriden with role=\"presentation\""
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "alt-space-value",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Element has a valid alt attribute value"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<img class=\"methodology-characters\" src=\"\/static\/images\/methodology-characters.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"984\" height=\"354\" loading=\"lazy\">",
"target": [
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]
}
]
},
{
"id": "link-name",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
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"wcag2a",
"wcag412",
"wcag244",
"section508",
"section508.22.a",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensures links have discernible text",
"help": "Links must have discernible text",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/link-name?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "has-visible-text",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Element has text that is visible to screen readers"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
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"id": "focusable-no-name",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element is not in tab order or has accessible text"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"#maincontent\">Skip navigation<\/a>",
"target": [
"a[href$=\"#maincontent\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "has-visible-text",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Element has text that is visible to screen readers"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "focusable-no-name",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element is not in tab order or has accessible text"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"\/en\/2024\/\">2024 edition!<\/a>",
"target": [
"p[lang=\"en\"] > a[href=\"\/en\/2024\/\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "has-visible-text",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Element has text that is visible to screen readers"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "focusable-no-name",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element is not in tab order or has accessible text"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a class=\"navigation-logo\" href=\"\/en\/2022\/\">\n \n <span class=\"wa\">Web Almanac<\/span>\n <span class=\"line-group\">\n <span class=\"pre\">By<\/span>\n <span class=\"ha\">HTTP Archive<\/span>\n <\/span>\n\n <\/a>",
"target": [
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]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "has-visible-text",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "minor",
"message": "Element has text that is visible to screen readers"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
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"id": "focusable-no-name",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element is not in tab order or has accessible text"
}
],
"impact": null,
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"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"twitter-logo-footer\">Twitter<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#twitter-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"20\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"bluesky-logo-footer\">Bluesky<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#bluesky-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"bluesky-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"20\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"22\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"github-logo-footer\">GitHub<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#github-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"22\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "svg-img-alt",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.text-alternatives",
"wcag2a",
"wcag111",
"section508",
"section508.22.a",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensures <svg> elements with an img, graphics-document or graphics-symbol role have an accessible text",
"help": "<svg> elements with an img role must have an alternative text",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/svg-img-alt?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "svg-non-empty-title",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has a child that is a title"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"70\" height=\"35\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"ha-logo-footer\">HTTP Archive home<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ha-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"ha-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"70\"][height=\"35\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "svg-non-empty-title",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has a child that is a title"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"twitter-logo-footer\">Twitter<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#twitter-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"20\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "svg-non-empty-title",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has a child that is a title"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"bluesky-logo-footer\">Bluesky<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#bluesky-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"bluesky-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"20\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "svg-non-empty-title",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has a child that is a title"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<svg width=\"22\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"github-logo-footer\">GitHub<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#github-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"a[aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-footer\"] > svg[width=\"22\"][height=\"20\"][role=\"img\"]"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "valid-lang",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.language",
"wcag2aa",
"wcag312"
],
"description": "Ensures lang attributes have valid values",
"help": "lang attribute must have a valid value",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/valid-lang?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "valid-lang",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Value of lang attribute is included in the list of valid languages"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<p lang=\"en\">\n You\u2019re viewing a previous edition of the Web Almanac.\n Check out the <a href=\"\/en\/2024\/\">2024 edition!<\/a>\n<\/p>",
"target": [
"p[lang=\"en\"]"
]
}
]
}
],
"incomplete": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"impact": "serious",
"tags": [
"cat.color",
"wcag2aa",
"wcag143"
],
"description": "Ensures the contrast between foreground and background colors meets WCAG 2 AA contrast ratio thresholds",
"help": "Elements must have sufficient color contrast",
"helpUrl": "https:\/\/dequeuniversity.com\/rules\/axe\/4.4\/color-contrast?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "15.6pt (20.8px)",
"fontWeight": "bold",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "3:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<span class=\"wa\">Web Almanac<\/span>",
"target": [
".top-header > .navigation-logo[href=\"\/en\/2022\/\"] > .wa"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"messageKey": "pseudoContent"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<span class=\"line-group\">\n <span class=\"pre\">By<\/span>\n <span class=\"ha\">HTTP Archive<\/span>\n <\/span>",
"target": [
".top-header > .navigation-logo[href=\"\/en\/2022\/\"] > .line-group"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a pseudo element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<span class=\"pre\">By<\/span>",
"target": [
".top-header > .navigation-logo[href=\"\/en\/2022\/\"] > .line-group > .pre"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a pseudo element"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "9.6pt (12.8px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<span class=\"ha\">HTTP Archive<\/span>",
"target": [
".top-header > .navigation-logo[href=\"\/en\/2022\/\"] > .line-group > .ha"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#f2f2f2",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "12.8pt (17px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">Contributors<\/a>",
"target": [
"#header-page-navigation > ul > li:nth-child(1) > a[href$=\"contributors\"]"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#f2f2f2",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "12.8pt (17px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">Methodology<\/a>",
"target": [
"#header-page-navigation > ul > li:nth-child(2) > a[href$=\"methodology\"]"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "12.8pt (17px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn search-button\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n Search\n <\/button>",
"target": [
".header.search-nav.nav-dropdown > .search-button.nav-dropdown-btn[type=\"button\"]"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "12.8pt (17px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Table of Contents\">\n Table of Contents\n <\/button>",
"target": [
".table-of-contents.header.nav-dropdown > .nav-dropdown-btn[aria-label=\"Table of Contents\"][type=\"button\"]"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "12.8pt (17px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>",
"target": [
".header.nav-dropdown > .nav-dropdown-btn[aria-label=\"Year Switcher\"][type=\"button\"]"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "12.8pt (17px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>",
"target": [
".header.nav-dropdown > .nav-dropdown-btn[aria-label=\"Language Switcher\"][type=\"button\"]"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "36.0pt (48px)",
"fontWeight": "bold",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "3:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<h1 class=\"title title-lg title-alt\">Web Almanac<\/h1>",
"target": [
"h1"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "22.5pt (30px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "3:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<h2>HTTP Archive\u2019s annual<br> <b>state of the web<\/b> report<\/h2>",
"target": [
".intro > h2"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "22.5pt (30px)",
"fontWeight": "bold",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "3:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<b>state of the web<\/b>",
"target": [
"b"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "12.8pt (17px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<p>",
"target": [
".intro > p"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "12.0pt (16px)",
"fontWeight": "bold",
"messageKey": "imgNode",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<svg viewBox=\"0 0 56 16\">\n <text x=\"9\" y=\"15\">2022<\/text>\n <\/svg>",
"target": [
"svg[viewBox=\"0 0 56 16\"]"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined because element contains an image node"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<text x=\"9\" y=\"15\">2022<\/text>",
"target": [
"text"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined because element contains an image node"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#1a2b49",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "18.0pt (24px)",
"fontWeight": "bold",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "3:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<h2 class=\"title title-center\">Featured Chapter<\/h2>",
"target": [
".featured-chapter-content > .title-center"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#1a2b49",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "14.9pt (19.89px)",
"fontWeight": "bold",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "3:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<h3>HTTP<\/h3>",
"target": [
"h3"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#1a2b49",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "14.3pt (19px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<header id=\"header\" class=\"alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#header"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<blockquote>\n This past year was an eventful year for the HTTP protocol especially with HTTP\/3 being standardized. We continue to observe high HTTP\/2 utilization and see a strong upcoming HTTP\/3 support from web servers.\n <\/blockquote>",
"target": [
"blockquote"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#f2f2f2",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "19.1pt (25.5px)",
"fontWeight": "bold",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "3:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<section id=\"contributors\" class=\"contributors-container alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#contributors"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<h2 class=\"title title-alt\">Contributors<\/h2>",
"target": [
".contributors > .title-alt"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#f2f2f2",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "12.8pt (17px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<section id=\"contributors\" class=\"contributors-container alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#contributors"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<p>\nThe Web Almanac has been made possible by the hard work of the web community. 116 people have volunteered countless hours in the planning, research, writing and production phases of the 2022 Web Almanac.\n<\/p>",
"target": [
".contributors > p"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#f7f779",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "10.5pt (14px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"messageKey": "bgImage",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<section id=\"contributors\" class=\"contributors-container alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#contributors"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\" class=\"alt btn\">\n See the contributors\n <\/a>",
"target": [
".alt.btn[href$=\"contributors\"]"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image"
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#ffffff",
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "225.0pt (300px)",
"fontWeight": "bold",
"messageKey": "elmPartiallyObscured",
"expectedContrastRatio": "3:1"
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<section id=\"contributors\" class=\"contributors-container alt-bg\">",
"target": [
"#contributors"
]
}
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<\/a>\n <nav id=\"header-page-navigation\" aria-label=\"Page navigation\">\n <ul>\n \n\n<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">Contributors<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">Methodology<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n <li>\n \n \n \n <div class=\"nav-dropdown header search-nav\">\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn search-button\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n Search\n <\/button>\n <ul class=\"nav-dropdown-list align-right hidden header-search\">\n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <form action=\"\/en\/search\">\n <label for=\"header-search-box\" class=\"visually-hidden\">Search<\/label>\n <input id=\"header-search-box\" class=\"search-input\" type=\"search\" name=\"q\" placeholder=\"Search\" title=\"Search\" aria-label=\"Search\">\n <button class=\"search-button\" type=\"submit\">\n <svg width=\"13\" height=\"13\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"header-search-icon\">\n <title id=\"header-search-icon\">Search<\/title>\n <use 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Page Content<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/css\">\n Chapter 1: CSS\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/javascript\">\n Chapter 2: JavaScript\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/markup\">\n Chapter 3: Markup\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/structured-data\">\n Chapter 4: Structured Data\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/fonts\">\n Chapter 5: Fonts\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/media\">\n Chapter 6: Media\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/webassembly\">\n Chapter 7: WebAssembly\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/third-parties\">\n Chapter 8: Third Parties\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/interoperability\">\n Chapter 9: Interoperability\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-2\">Part II. User Experience<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/seo\">\n Chapter 10: SEO\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/accessibility\">\n Chapter 11: Accessibility\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/performance\">\n Chapter 12: Performance\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/privacy\">\n Chapter 13: Privacy\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/security\">\n Chapter 14: Security\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/mobile-web\">\n Chapter 15: Mobile Web\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/capabilities\">\n Chapter 16: Capabilities\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/pwa\">\n Chapter 17: PWA\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-3\">Part III. Content Publishing<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/cms\">\n Chapter 18: CMS\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/jamstack\">\n Chapter 19: Jamstack\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/sustainability\">\n Chapter 20: Sustainability\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-4\">Part IV. 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href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">Methodology<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n <li>\n \n \n <form class=\"search-nav\" action=\"\/en\/search\">\n <label for=\"mobile-search-box\" class=\"visually-hidden\">Search<\/label>\n <input id=\"mobile-search-box\" class=\"search-input\" type=\"search\" name=\"q\" placeholder=\"Search\" title=\"Search\" aria-label=\"Search\">\n <button class=\"search-button\" type=\"submit\">\n <svg width=\"13\" height=\"13\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"mobile-search-icon\">\n <title id=\"mobile-search-icon\">Search<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#search-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/button>\n <\/form>\n \n\n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n\n \n \n\n\n<div class=\"table-of-contents-switcher\">\n <label for=\"table-of-contents-switcher-mobile\" class=\"visually-hidden\">\n Table of Contents Switcher\n <\/label>\n <select id=\"table-of-contents-switcher-mobile\" data-label=\"toc-menu-mobile\">\n \n <option selected=\"\" disabled=\"\" value=\"\/en\/2022\/\">Home<\/option>\n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents\">Table of Contents<\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/css\">\n Chapter 1: CSS\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/javascript\">\n Chapter 2: JavaScript\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/markup\">\n Chapter 3: Markup\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/structured-data\">\n Chapter 4: Structured Data\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/fonts\">\n Chapter 5: Fonts\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/media\">\n Chapter 6: Media\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/webassembly\">\n Chapter 7: WebAssembly\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/third-parties\">\n Chapter 8: Third Parties\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/interoperability\">\n Chapter 9: Interoperability\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/seo\">\n Chapter 10: SEO\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/accessibility\">\n Chapter 11: Accessibility\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/performance\">\n Chapter 12: Performance\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/privacy\">\n Chapter 13: Privacy\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/security\">\n Chapter 14: Security\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/mobile-web\">\n Chapter 15: Mobile Web\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/capabilities\">\n Chapter 16: Capabilities\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/pwa\">\n Chapter 17: PWA\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/cms\">\n Chapter 18: CMS\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/jamstack\">\n Chapter 19: Jamstack\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/sustainability\">\n Chapter 20: Sustainability\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/page-weight\">\n Chapter 21: Page Weight\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/cdn\">\n Chapter 22: CDN\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/http\">\n Chapter 23: HTTP\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">\n Methodology\n <\/option>\n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">\n Contributors\n <\/option>\n \n\n \n <option value=\"\/en\/search\">\n Search\n <\/option>\n \n\n \n <option value=\"https:\/\/cdn.httparchive.org\/almanac\/ebooks\/web_almanac_2022_en.pdf\" data-event=\"ebook-click\">\n Ebook PDF (23MB)\n <\/option>\n \n <\/select>\n<\/div>\n\n \n\n\n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n \n \n \n \n <div 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\u7e41\u9ad4\u4e2d\u6587\n <\/option>\n \n \n <hr>\n <option value=\"https:\/\/github.com\/HTTPArchive\/almanac.httparchive.org\/wiki\/Translators'-Guide\">\n Help translate\n <\/option>\n <\/select>\n <\/div>\n\n \n\n <\/li>\n <li id=\"mobile-misc\" class=\"misc\">\n <ul class=\"misc\">\n <li>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/httparchive.org\/\" aria-labelledby=\"ha-logo-mobile\">\n <svg width=\"70\" height=\"35\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"ha-logo-mobile\">HTTP Archive home<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ha-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/a>\n <\/li>\n <li>\n <ul class=\"social-media\">\n <li>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/HTTPArchive\" aria-labelledby=\"twitter-logo-mobile\">\n <svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"twitter-logo-mobile\">Twitter<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#twitter-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/a>\n <\/li>\n <li>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/bsky.app\/profile\/httparchive.org\" aria-labelledby=\"bluesky-logo-mobile\">\n <svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"bluesky-logo-mobile\">Bluesky<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#bluesky-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/a>\n <\/li>\n <li>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/HTTPArchive\/almanac.httparchive.org\" aria-labelledby=\"github-logo-mobile\">\n <svg width=\"22\" height=\"20\" role=\"img\">\n <title id=\"github-logo-mobile\">GitHub<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#github-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/a>\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/nav>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/header>\n <script nonce=\"\">\n \/\/ If JS is enabled then enable menus ASAP to avoid CLS as menu items change from links to buttons\n (function() {\n document.querySelectorAll('.js-hide').forEach(element => {\n \/\/ Don't just hide it - delete it completely to avoid any specifity issues\n element.parentNode.removeChild(element);\n });\n document.querySelectorAll('.js-enable').forEach(element => {\n element.classList.remove('js-enable');\n element.classList.remove('hidden');\n element.disabled = false;\n element.hidden = false;\n });\n })();\n <\/script>\n \n\n \n<main id=\"maincontent\">\n <section id=\"intro\" class=\"intro-container\">\n <div class=\"intro\">\n <div class=\"intro-year\">2022<\/div>\n <h1 class=\"title title-lg title-alt\">Web Almanac<\/h1>\n <h2>HTTP Archive\u2019s annual<br> <b>state of the web<\/b> report<\/h2>\n \n \n<p>\nOur mission is to combine the raw stats and trends of the HTTP Archive with the expertise of the web community. The Web Almanac is a comprehensive report on the state of the web, backed by real data and trusted web experts. The 2022 edition is comprised of 23 chapters spanning aspects of page content, user experience, publishing, and distribution.\n<\/p>\n\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents\" class=\"btn\">\n Start exploring\n <\/a>\n \n <\/div>\n <div class=\"intro-image-wrapper\">\n \n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 56 16\">\n <text x=\"9\" y=\"15\">2022<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n \n <img src=\"\/static\/images\/home-hero.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"820\" height=\"562\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n <section id=\"featured-chapter\" class=\"featured-chapter\">\n <div class=\"featured-chapter-content\">\n \n <h2 class=\"title title-center\">Featured Chapter<\/h2>\n \n <h3>HTTP<\/h3>\n \n <blockquote>\n This past year was an eventful year for the HTTP protocol especially with HTTP\/3 being standardized. We continue to observe high HTTP\/2 utilization and see a strong upcoming HTTP\/3 support from web servers.\n <\/blockquote>\n <div class=\"featured-chapter-content-data\">\n \n <div class=\"featured-chapter-content-data-item\">\n <div class=\"no-wrap\">77%<\/div>\n <div>Requests served on HTTP\/2 or above<\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n \n <div class=\"featured-chapter-content-data-item\">\n <div class=\"no-wrap\">1.5%<\/div>\n <div>Websites adopting 103 Early Hints<\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n \n <div class=\"featured-chapter-content-data-item\">\n <div class=\"no-wrap\">50%<\/div>\n <div>Increase in requests that have HTTP\/3 support<\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n <\/div>\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/http\" class=\"btn\">\n Read the <span class=\"featured-chapter-name\">HTTP<\/span> chapter\n <\/a>\n \n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n \n \n \n \n \n <section id=\"contributors\" class=\"contributors-container alt-bg\">\n <div class=\"container\">\n <div class=\"contributors\">\n <h2 class=\"title title-alt\">Contributors<\/h2>\n <p>\nThe Web Almanac has been made possible by the hard work of the web community. 116 people have volunteered countless hours in the planning, research, writing and production phases of the 2022 Web Almanac.\n<\/p>\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\" class=\"alt btn\">\n See the contributors\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"people\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n <div class=\"people-number\">116<\/div>\n <img id=\"character-markup\" class=\"character\" src=\"\/static\/images\/character-markup.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"154\" height=\"252\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <img id=\"character-star\" class=\"character\" src=\"\/static\/images\/character-star.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"245\" height=\"254\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <img id=\"character-hat\" class=\"character\" src=\"\/static\/images\/character-hat.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"186\" height=\"207\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n <section id=\"methodology\" class=\"methodology-container\">\n <div class=\"methodology\">\n <h2 class=\"title title-center\">Methodology<\/h2>\n <div class=\"methodology-data\">\n <div class=\"websites-tested\">\n <div>\n Websites Tested\n <\/div>\n <div>\n 8.36M\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"data-processed\">\n <div>\n Data Processed\n <\/div>\n <div>\n 43.88 TB\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <p class=\"methodology-info\">\n \nUnless otherwise noted, the metrics in all of the 23 chapters of the 2022 Web Almanac are sourced from the HTTP Archive dataset. HTTP Archive is a community-run project that has been tracking how the web is built since 2010. Using WebPageTest and Lighthouse under the hood, metadata about nearly 8.4 million websites are tested monthly and included in a public BigQuery database for analysis. The June 2022 dataset was used as the basis for the 2022 Web Almanac\u2019s metrics. For more information, see the Methodology page.\n\n <\/p>\n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\" class=\"alt btn\">\n Learn about our Methodology\n <\/a>\n \n <img class=\"methodology-characters\" src=\"\/static\/images\/methodology-characters.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"984\" height=\"354\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n \n<\/main>\n\n\n \n <footer id=\"footer\" class=\"alt-bg\">\n <div class=\"container\">\n <div class=\"home-logo\">\n <a class=\"navigation-logo\" href=\"\/en\/2022\/\">\n \n <span class=\"wa\">Web Almanac<\/span>\n <span class=\"line-group\">\n <span class=\"pre\">By<\/span>\n <span class=\"ha\">HTTP Archive<\/span>\n <\/span>\n\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n <hr>\n <nav id=\"footer-nav-items\" aria-label=\"Footer navigation\" class=\"nav-items\">\n <ul>\n \n\n<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">Contributors<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">Methodology<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n <li>\n \n \n \n <div class=\"nav-dropdown footer search-nav\">\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn search-button\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n Search\n <\/button>\n <ul class=\"nav-dropdown-list align-right hidden footer-search\">\n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <form action=\"\/en\/search\">\n <label for=\"footer-search-box\" class=\"visually-hidden\">Search<\/label>\n <input id=\"footer-search-box\" class=\"search-input\" type=\"search\" name=\"q\" placeholder=\"Search\" title=\"Search\" aria-label=\"Search\">\n <button class=\"search-button\" type=\"submit\">\n <svg width=\"13\" height=\"13\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"footer-search-icon\">\n <title id=\"footer-search-icon\">Search<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#search-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/button>\n <\/form>\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n \n\n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n\n \n \n\n\n<div class=\"nav-dropdown footer table-of-contents\">\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Table of Contents\">\n Table of Contents\n <\/button>\n <ul class=\"nav-dropdown-list hidden footer-list\">\n\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part nav-dropdown-list-current\">\n <span>Home<\/span>\n <\/li>\n \n\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents\">Table of Contents<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-1\">Part I. Page Content<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/css\">\n Chapter 1: CSS\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/javascript\">\n Chapter 2: JavaScript\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/markup\">\n Chapter 3: Markup\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/structured-data\">\n Chapter 4: Structured Data\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/fonts\">\n Chapter 5: Fonts\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/media\">\n Chapter 6: Media\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/webassembly\">\n Chapter 7: WebAssembly\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/third-parties\">\n Chapter 8: Third Parties\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/interoperability\">\n Chapter 9: Interoperability\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-2\">Part II. User Experience<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/seo\">\n Chapter 10: SEO\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/accessibility\">\n Chapter 11: Accessibility\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/performance\">\n Chapter 12: Performance\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/privacy\">\n Chapter 13: Privacy\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/security\">\n Chapter 14: Security\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/mobile-web\">\n Chapter 15: Mobile Web\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/capabilities\">\n Chapter 16: Capabilities\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/pwa\">\n Chapter 17: PWA\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-3\">Part III. Content Publishing<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/cms\">\n Chapter 18: CMS\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/jamstack\">\n Chapter 19: Jamstack\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/sustainability\">\n Chapter 20: Sustainability\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#part-4\">Part IV. Content Distribution<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/page-weight\">\n Chapter 21: Page Weight\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/cdn\">\n Chapter 22: CDN\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/http\">\n Chapter 23: HTTP\n <\/a>\n \n \n <\/li>\n \n \n \n\n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#appendices\">Appendices<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">Methodology<\/a>\n \n <\/li>\n \n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter\">\n \n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">Contributors<\/a>\n \n <\/li>\n \n\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/search\">Search<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n\n \n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-part\">\n <a href=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents#ebook\">Ebook<\/a>\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"nav-dropdown-list-chapter ebook\">\n <a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.httparchive.org\/almanac\/ebooks\/web_almanac_2022_en.pdf\" data-event=\"ebook-click\" data-label=\"toc-menu\">Ebook PDF (23MB)<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n \n\n\n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n \n \n \n \n <div class=\"nav-dropdown footer\">\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Year Switcher\">2022<\/button>\n <ul class=\"nav-dropdown-list hidden footer-list\">\n \n \n \n \n <li>\n <a href=\"\/en\/2024\/\">2024<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <li>\n <a href=\"\/en\/2021\/\">2021<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <li>\n <a href=\"\/en\/2020\/\">2020<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <li>\n <a href=\"\/en\/2019\/\">2019<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n \n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n \n \n \n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n \n \n <div class=\"nav-dropdown footer\">\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-dropdown-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Language Switcher\">English<\/button>\n <ul class=\"nav-dropdown-list hidden footer-list\">\n \n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"es\" href=\"\/es\/2022\/\">Espa\u00f1ol<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"fr\" href=\"\/fr\/2022\/\">Fran\u00e7ais<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"it\" href=\"\/it\/2022\/\">Italiano<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"nl\" href=\"\/nl\/2022\/\">Nederlands<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"pt\" href=\"\/pt\/2022\/\">Portugu\u00eas<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"tr\" href=\"\/tr\/2022\/\">T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"ru\" href=\"\/ru\/2022\/\">\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"uk\" href=\"\/uk\/2022\/\">\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"hi\" href=\"\/hi\/2022\/\">\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0940<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"ja\" href=\"\/ja\/2022\/\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"zh-CN\" href=\"\/zh-CN\/2022\/\">\u7b80\u4f53\u4e2d\u6587<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a lang=\"zh-TW\" href=\"\/zh-TW\/2022\/\">\u7e41\u9ad4\u4e2d\u6587<\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n <a class=\"help-translate\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/HTTPArchive\/almanac.httparchive.org\/wiki\/Translators'-Guide\"><em>Help translate<\/em><\/a>\n <\/li>\n \n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n \n\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/nav>\n <nav id=\"mobile-footer-nav-items\" aria-label=\"Footer navigation\" class=\"nav-items\">\n <ul>\n \n\n<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">Contributors<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">Methodology<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n <li>\n \n \n <form class=\"search-nav\" action=\"\/en\/search\">\n <label for=\"mobile-footer-search-box\" class=\"visually-hidden\">Search<\/label>\n <input id=\"mobile-footer-search-box\" class=\"search-input\" type=\"search\" name=\"q\" placeholder=\"Search\" title=\"Search\" aria-label=\"Search\">\n <button class=\"search-button\" type=\"submit\">\n <svg width=\"13\" height=\"13\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"mobile-footer-search-icon\">\n <title id=\"mobile-footer-search-icon\">Search<\/title>\n <use xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#search-logo\"><\/use>\n <\/svg>\n <\/button>\n <\/form>\n \n\n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n\n \n \n\n\n<div class=\"table-of-contents-switcher\">\n <label for=\"table-of-contents-switcher-mobile-footer\" class=\"visually-hidden\">\n Table of Contents Switcher\n <\/label>\n <select id=\"table-of-contents-switcher-mobile-footer\" data-label=\"toc-menu-mobile\">\n \n <option selected=\"\" disabled=\"\" value=\"\/en\/2022\/\">Home<\/option>\n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/table-of-contents\">Table of Contents<\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/css\">\n Chapter 1: CSS\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/javascript\">\n Chapter 2: JavaScript\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/markup\">\n Chapter 3: Markup\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/structured-data\">\n Chapter 4: Structured Data\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/fonts\">\n Chapter 5: Fonts\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/media\">\n Chapter 6: Media\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/webassembly\">\n Chapter 7: WebAssembly\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/third-parties\">\n Chapter 8: Third Parties\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/interoperability\">\n Chapter 9: Interoperability\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/seo\">\n Chapter 10: SEO\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/accessibility\">\n Chapter 11: Accessibility\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/performance\">\n Chapter 12: Performance\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/privacy\">\n Chapter 13: Privacy\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/security\">\n Chapter 14: Security\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/mobile-web\">\n Chapter 15: Mobile Web\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/capabilities\">\n Chapter 16: Capabilities\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/pwa\">\n Chapter 17: PWA\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/cms\">\n Chapter 18: CMS\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/jamstack\">\n Chapter 19: Jamstack\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/sustainability\">\n Chapter 20: Sustainability\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/page-weight\">\n Chapter 21: Page Weight\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/cdn\">\n Chapter 22: CDN\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/http\">\n Chapter 23: HTTP\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/methodology\">\n Methodology\n <\/option>\n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2022\/contributors\">\n Contributors\n <\/option>\n \n\n \n <option value=\"\/en\/search\">\n Search\n <\/option>\n \n\n \n <option value=\"https:\/\/cdn.httparchive.org\/almanac\/ebooks\/web_almanac_2022_en.pdf\" data-event=\"ebook-click\">\n Ebook PDF (23MB)\n <\/option>\n \n <\/select>\n<\/div>\n\n \n\n\n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n \n \n \n \n <div class=\"year-switcher js-show\">\n <label for=\"year-switcher-mobile-footer\" class=\"visually-hidden\">Year Switcher<\/label>\n <select id=\"year-switcher-mobile-footer\">\n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2024\/\">\n 2024\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n <option selected=\"selected\" value=\"\/en\/2022\/\">\n 2022\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2021\/\">\n 2021\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2020\/\">\n 2020\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n \n \n <option value=\"\/en\/2019\/\">\n 2019\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <\/select>\n <\/div>\n\n \n \n \n <\/li>\n <li>\n \n \n \n <div class=\"language-switcher js-show\">\n <label for=\"language-switcher-mobile-footer\" class=\"visually-hidden\">Language Switcher<\/label>\n <select id=\"language-switcher-mobile-footer\">\n \n \n <option selected=\"selected\" lang=\"en\" value=\"\/en\/2022\/\">\n English\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"es\" value=\"\/es\/2022\/\">\n Espa\u00f1ol\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"fr\" value=\"\/fr\/2022\/\">\n Fran\u00e7ais\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"it\" value=\"\/it\/2022\/\">\n Italiano\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"nl\" value=\"\/nl\/2022\/\">\n Nederlands\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"pt\" value=\"\/pt\/2022\/\">\n Portugu\u00eas\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"tr\" value=\"\/tr\/2022\/\">\n T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"ru\" value=\"\/ru\/2022\/\">\n \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"uk\" value=\"\/uk\/2022\/\">\n \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"hi\" value=\"\/hi\/2022\/\">\n \u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0940\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"ja\" value=\"\/ja\/2022\/\">\n \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"zh-CN\" value=\"\/zh-CN\/2022\/\">\n \u7b80\u4f53\u4e2d\u6587\n <\/option>\n \n \n \n <option lang=\"zh-TW\" value=\"\/zh-TW\/2022\/\">\n \u7e41\u9ad4\u4e2d\u6587\n <\/option>\n \n \n <hr>\n <option value=\"https:\/\/github.com\/HTTPArchive\/almanac.httparchive.org\/wiki\/Translators'-Guide\">\n Help translate\n <\/option>\n <\/select>\n <\/div>\n\n \n\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/nav>\n <div 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